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. 2020 Nov 30;11:6115. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19946-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Scaffolding fiber preform fabrication process. b Fiber drawing process with customized rotational feeding stage. c Side-view optical images of the scaffolding fibers drawn at different rotational speeds. d Plot showing the relatively linear relationship between the pitch and the rotational speed utilized in this study. e, f SEM images of the scaffolding fibers with five and seven hollow channels. g–i Schematics of the employment of the spatially expandable functional fiber probes: g scaffolding fiber is inserted into the brain and affixed by Metabond^®; h functional fiber probes are further inserted into the brain tissue through the scaffolding fiber; i mathematical model of the locations of the inserted fiber probes. j Pre-validation of the expansion of the inserted functional fiber probes before implant surgeries. k Validation of the expandable fiber probes in the brain phantom. l Transverse DAPI-stained brain slices from the mouse with the spatially expandable fiber probes implanted for one week (n = 10). Representative images are shown taken from 10 animals. All error bars in the figure represent the standard deviation.