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. 2020 Nov 30;10:20872. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77873-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Torsion comparisons in the arms of O. bimaculoides. (A) The occurrences of clockwise and counterclockwise torsion are plotted with paired bars for each arm region (proximal, medial, and distal). A simple diagram illustrating the directions of torsion is included. No significant differences were found in the direction of torsion deformations in each arm region (X² = 5.53, p = 0.06). (B) Relative percentages of occurrences of torsion are plotted in 100% stacked bars for each of eight arms. Torsion at the base of the arm was observed rarely in the first arm pair (15 occurrences of 1,426).