Table 1.

Mechanism of the CHMs that counteract toxin with toxin and their active components on tumor cells.

CHMs	Active components	Tumor cells					TME	References
		Apoptosis induction	Proliferation inhibition	Autophagy regulation	Anti-multidrug resistance	Migration and invasion inhibition	Anti-angiogenesis
Radix aconiti kusnezoffii (cao wu)	Aconitine	√	√		√	√		[30–33]
	Hypaconitine				√	√		[33,34]
	Mesaconitine	√			√			[33,35]
Nux vomica (ma qian zi)	Strychnine	√					√	[36]
	Brucine	√	√		√	√	√	[37,38]
Stellera chamaejasme (lang du)	Chamaejasmenin B and Neochamaejasmin C	√	√			√		[39,40]
Fructus gleditsiae sinensis (zao jiao)	Echinocystic acid	√	√					[41]
Fructus toosendan (chuan lian zi)	Toosendanin and Other triterpenoids	√						[42]
Sinopodophylli fructus (xiao ye lian)	Podophyllotoxin, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, 8-Isopentenyl kaempferol, and Kaempferol	√	√					[43,44]
Zanthoxylum nitidum (liang mian zhen)	Nitidine chloride and Zanthobungeanine	√	√		√			[45]
Fructus evodiae (wu zhu yu)	Evodiamine and Rutaecarpine	√	√	√		√		[46]
Semen armeniacae amarae (ku xing ren)	Amygdalin	√	√					[47]
Fructus cnidii (she chuang zi)	Osthole	√	√		√	√	√	[48]
Cortex pseudolaricis (tu jing pi)	Pseudolaric acid B	√	√					[49]
Momordicae semen (mu bie zi)	p-Hydroxylcinnamaldehyde		√					[50]
Herba chelidonii (bai qu cai)	Chelidonine and Sanguinarine	√						[51]
	Chelerythrine		√					[52]
Fructus xanthii (cang er zi)	Xanthium		√			√		[53]
Cortex periplocae (xiang jia pi)	Periplocin	√	√				√	[54]
	Baohuoside I	√						[55]