Table 2.
Mechanism of the CHMs that clear heat and detoxify and their active components on tumor cells and the TME.
| CHMs | Active components | Tumor cells | TME | References | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apoptosis induction | Proliferation inhibition | Autophagy regulation | Anti-multidrug resistance | Migration and invasion inhibition | TAFs | Anti-angiogenesis | TAMs | NK cells | T cells | DCs | MDSCs | |||
| Saururus chinensis (san bai cao) | Sauchinone | √ | √ | √ | √ | [67–69] | ||||||||
| Solidago decurrens (yizhi huang hua) | 6β-Angeloyloxykolavenic acid and 6β-Tigloyloxykolavenic acid | √ | [70] | |||||||||||
| Rhizoma coptidis (huang lian) | Berberine | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [71–74] | |||
| Sargentglory vine stem (da xue teng) | Chlorogenic acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [75–79] | ||||
| Folium isatidis (da qing ye) | Indirubin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [80–83] | |||||||
| Rheum palmatum (da huang) | Emodin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [84–88] | |||||
| Rhein | √ | [89] | ||||||||||||
| Radix sophorae tonkinensis (shan dou gen) | Cytisine | √ | [90] | |||||||||||
| Matrine and Oxymatrine | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [91–95] | |||||||
| Oxysophocarpine | √ | [96] | ||||||||||||
| Flos lonicerae (shan yin hua) | Macranthoside B | √ | √ | √ | [97,98] | |||||||||
| Portulace oleracea (ma chi xian) | Betacyanins | √ | √ | [99,100] | ||||||||||
| Fructus arctii (niu bang zi) | Arctiin and Arctigenin | √ | √ | √ | √ | [101–104] | ||||||||
| Belleric terminalia fruit (mao he zi) | Gallic acid | √ | √ | √ | [105–107] | |||||||||
| Rhizoma cimicifugae (sheng ma) | Actein and 23-epi-26-Deoxyactein | √ | √ | √ | √ | [108,109] | ||||||||
| Cimigenol | √ | [110] | ||||||||||||
| Ferulic acid and Isoferulic acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [111–114] | ||||||||
| Silybum marianum (shui fei ji) | Taxifolin | √ | √ | √ | √ | [115–118] | ||||||||
| Isosilybin A/B | √ | √ | [119,120] | |||||||||||
| Silibinin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [121–130] | ||
| Caulis mahoniae (gong lao mu) | Jatrorrhizin | √ | √ | √ | [131–133] | |||||||||
| Radix liquiritiae (gan cao) | Liquiritigenin and Liquirtin | √ | √ | √ | [134] | |||||||||
| Isoliquiritigenin, Soliquiritin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [135,136] | ||||||||
| Licochalcone A/E | √ | √ | [137] | |||||||||||
| Glabridin | √ | √ | [138] | |||||||||||
| Glycyrrhetinic acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [139–141] | ||||||
| Glycyrrhizic acid | √ | √ | [142] | |||||||||||
| Pulsatilla chinensis (bai tou weng) | Isorhamnetin | √ | √ | √ | [143,144] | |||||||||
| Quercetin and Isoquercitin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [145–150] | ||||
| Oleanolic acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | [151–153] | |||||||||
| Hederagenin | √ | √ | √ | [154,155] | ||||||||||
| Anemoside B4 | √ | √ | [156] | |||||||||||
| Pulsatilla saponin A | √ | [157] | ||||||||||||
| Pulsatilla saponin D | √ | √ | [158] | |||||||||||
| 23-Hydroxyl betulinic acid | √ | [159] | ||||||||||||
| Rhizoma imperatae (bai mao gen) | Caffeic acid | √ | √ | √ | [160] | |||||||||
| Arundoin | √ | [161] | ||||||||||||
| Radix ampelopsis (bai lian) | Catechin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [162–164] | |||||||
| Resveratrol | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [165–168] | ||||
| Rabdosia rubescens (dong ling cao) | Oridonin | √ | √ | √ | √ | [169] | ||||||||
| Radix scrophulariae (xuan shen) | Cinnamic acid | √ | [170] | |||||||||||
| Radix sanguisorbae (diyu) | Ellagic acid | √ | √ | √ | [171] | |||||||||
| Ziyuglycoside I and II | √ | √ | √ | [172] | ||||||||||
| Polygonum cuspidatum (hu zhang) | Polydatin | √ | √ | [173] | ||||||||||
| Fagopyrum dibotrys (jin qiao mai) | Rutin | √ | [174] | |||||||||||
| Luteolin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [175,176] | |||||||
| Procyanidin B1 and B2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | [177] | |||||||||
| Radix scutellariae (huang qin) | Baicalein | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [178,179] | ||||||
| Baicalin | √ | √ | √ | √ | [178] | |||||||||
| Wogonin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [180] | ||||||
| Wogonoside | √ | √ | √ | √ | [181,182] | |||||||||
| Calyx seu fructus physalis (jin deng long) | Physalins A and B | √ | √ | √ | [183–185] | |||||||||
| Radix arnebiae (zi cao) | Shikonin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [186–188] | |||||||
| Radix bupleuri (chai hu) | Saikosaponins A and D | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [189] | |||||
| Centella asiatica (ji xue cao) | Asiaticoside | √ | √ | √ | √ | [190] | ||||||||
| Asiatic acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | [191] | |||||||||
| Herba leonuri (yi mu cao) | Leonurine hydrochloride | √ | [192] | |||||||||||
| Andrographis paniculata (chuan xin lian) | Andrographolide | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [193,194] | |||||||
| Neoandrographolide | √ | √ | [195] | |||||||||||
| Cortex fraxini (qin pi) | Esculetin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [196] | |||||||
| Aesculin | √ | √ | [197] | |||||||||||
| Fructus brucea (ya dan zi) | Brusatol, Bruceantinol, Bruceine A/D, Bruceantin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [198–201] | |||||||
| Fructus gardeniae (zhi zi) | Genipin | √ | √ | [202] | ||||||||||
| Ursolic Acid | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [203] | ||||||||
| Apigenin | √ | √ | √ | √ | [204] | |||||||||
| β-Sitosterol | √ | √ | √ | [205] | ||||||||||
| Scutellaria barbata (ban zhi lian) | Aloe emodin | √ | √ | √ | [206] | |||||||||
| Rhein | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | [207] | ||||||||