Table 2.
Attributes of participating hospital sites and participants at each hospital.
| Hospital site | N | Received opioid analgesic during visit, % (95% CI) |
Discharged with opioid analgesic prescription, % (95% CI) |
Ownership type | Visits under online PDMP access, %a |
Annual ED volumeb | Region | Health care coverage, % |
Safety Net hospital | Median baseline pain level (IQR) |
Urolithiasis diagnoses, % |
Opioid at discharge, % of those with urolithiasis diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 238 | 46 (39–52) | 34 (28–41) | Gov’t | 0 | High | Midwest | 5 | Yes | 8 (7–10) | 48 | 53 |
| 2 | 208 | 54 (47–61) | 42 (35–49) | Non-govt | 0 | Medium | Northeast | 83 | No | 8 (7–10) | 48 | 64 |
| 3 | 302 | 47 (41–52) | 49 (43–55) | Gov’t | 0 | High | Northeast | 73 | Yes | 9 (8–10) | 56 | 69 |
| 4 | 105 | 84 (75–90) | 63 (53–72) | Gov’t | 100 | Low | West | 73 | No | 8 (7–9) | 56 | 76 |
| 5 | 200 | 62 (55–69) | 63 (55–69) | Non-govt | 0 | Medium | South | 25 | Yes | 8 (6–10) | 40 | 81 |
| 6 | 150 | 77 (70–84) | 61 (53–69) | Gov’t | 100 | Low | West | 83 | No | 9 (7–10) | 56 | 74 |
| 7 | 78 | 59 (47–70) | 62 (50–72) | Non-govt | 100 | Low | Northeast | 96 | No | 8 (7–10) | 51 | 83 |
| 8 | 141 | 80 (73–86) | 65 (57–73) | Non-govt | 0 | Medium | Midwest | 82 | No | 9 (7–10) | 43 | 85 |
| 9 | 163 | 71 (63–77) | 66 (58–73) | Non-govt | 40 | High | South | 61 | No | 9 (8–10) | 54 | 78 |
| 10 | 173 | 76 (69–82) | 72 (65–79) | Non-govt | 100 | Medium | Northeast | 91 | No | 8 (6–10) | 73 | 83 |
| 11 | 104 | 66 (56–75) | 75 (66–83) | Non-govt | 100 | Low | West | 93 | No | 8 (7–10) | 63 | 88 |
| 12 | 167 | 77 (70–83) | 78 (71–84) | Gov’t | 100 | Low | West | 70 | No | 8 (7–10) | 48 | 91 |
| 13 | 109 | 88 (80–93) | 79 (70–86) | Gov’t | 100 | Medium | Midwest | 73 | Yes | 9 (8–10) | 51 | 95 |
| 14 | 104 | 88 (80–93) | 80 (71–87) | Non-govt | 100 | Medium | West | 68 | No | 9 (8–10) | 62 | 89 |
| 15 | 110 | 86 (79–92) | 85 (76–91) | Non-govt | 32 | High | Northeast | 76 | No | 9 (8–10) | 74 | 86 |
Abbreviations: IQR, inter-quartile range; ED, emergency department; PDMP, prescription drug monitoring program; Govt, government; CI, confidence interval.
a
Percent of visits during study period when the state had a prescription drug monitoring program that could be accessed online (two hospitals were in states that gained online PDMP access during the study period).
b
Annual ED volume: Low is 35–65k patients/year, medium is 66–111k patients/year, high is 112–175k patients/year.