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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 25.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2020 Sep 7;108(4):608–622. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.012

Figure 1. Astrocyte signaling in the context of CNS inflammation.

Figure 1.

The transcription factor NF-κB controls multiple aspects of astrocyte pro-inflammatory responses. NF-κB signaling is triggered/boosted by cytokines released by microglia and other cells in the inflamed CNS, and by the sphingolipids S1P and LacCer. AHR activation by dietary components, environmental factors or metabolites derived from the commensal flora limits NF-κB activation. Additional inflammatory pathways are triggered by the binding of environmental toxins to S1R/IRE1α and downstream signaling through XBP1.