Table 1.

Demographic and clinical data.

	Healthy Controls (HC)		Bipolar with and without Psychosis (BD)		Schizoaffective (SAD)		Schizophrenia (SZ)
N	280		259		216		220
Variable	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Sex*, a
Male	138	49.3	100	38.6	99	45.8	123	55.9
Female	142	50.7	159	61.4	117	54.2	97	44.1
Race**, b
Caucasian	130	46.4	175	67.6	93	43.1	77	35.0
African American	113	40.4	60	23.2	86	39.8	102	46.4
Other	37	13.2	24	9.3	37	17.1	41	18.6
On antipsychotic medication**, c	-	-	141	54.4	158	73.1	148	67.3
On lithium**, d	-	-	51	19.7	25	11.6	7	3.2
On valproic acid*, e	-	-	33	12.7	22	10.2	13	5.9
On sedative medication**, f	-	-	73	28.2	39	18.1	28	12.7
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Chlorpromazine equivalent (mg/day)*, g,^	-	-	274.82	222.86	375.71	281.53	398.81	312.50
Lithium dose (mg/day)^	-	-	909.80	397.75	858.70	307.35	885.71	705.76
Valproic acid dose (mg/day)^	-	-	1061.72	482.06	1052.63	602.88	1076.92	449.36
Age (years)	38.43	12.05	37.69	12.06	39.62	11.56	39.13	12.00
Years of Education**, h	15.33	2.46	14.59	2.50	13.41	2.26	13.05	2.38
WRAT4 Reading**, i	99.88	13.50	99.36	14.85	94.00	14.57	93.50	14.31
BACS Composite**, h	-.299	.758	−.709	.789	−.971	.798	−1.146	.826
PANSS Total*, g	-	-	59.14	18.99	67.28	20.78	63.32	17.31
PANSS Positive**, j	-	-	13.52	5.05	18.23	7.06	16.61	5.87
PANSS Negative*, g	-	-	14.30	6.45	16.08	6.79	16.05	5.84
MADRS Total**, k	-	-	14.44	11.15	14.19	10.55	9.31	8.53
YMRS Total*, g	-	-	8.90	7.72	11.00	7.68	9.42	6.10
SBS Total**, j	-	-	1.89	1.21	5.10	1.41	7.64	1.11
BIS Total**,l	52.61	9.04	71.32	14.54	69.89	12.14	65.39	12.50
BIS Attention**, l	12.91	3.19	18.88	5.10	18.69	4.57	16.88	4.27
BIS Motor**, m	19.42	3.65	25.27	5.53	24.02	4.51	22.83	5.67
BIS Non-Planning**, l	20.29	4.56	27.18	6.07	27.18	5.84	25.68	5.73

WRAT = Wide Range Achievement Test; BACS = Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; SBS = Schizo-Bipolar Scale; BIS = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.

Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .001;

^{^}Means calculated with only those prescribed each medication

^aGreater proportion of females in the BD group compared to HC and other disease groups.

^bGreater proportion of Caucasians and fewer African Americans in BD compared to HC and other disease groups.

^cFewer BD on antipsychotic medication than SAD and SZ groups.

^dGreater proportion of BD on lithium than SAD and SZ groups.

^eGreater proportion of BD and SAD on valproic acid than SZ.

^fGreater proportion of BD on sedative medication than SAD and SZ, and SAD greater than SZ.

^gBD < SAD

^hHC > BD > SZ; SAD = SZ

ⁱHC, BD > SAD, SZ

^jBD < SAD, SZ

^kBD, SAD > SZ

^lHC < SZ < BD, SAD

^mHC < SZ, SAD < BD