Table 2.

Coding framework

Coding construct	Definition of coding terms	Case study application
Equity [26]	The absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people…. defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification.	Any references using the word equity as it relates to transportation.
Centering in the margins [14]	Emphasizing the perspectives of marginalized groups, particularly viable, non-mainstream perspectives in order to “enrich mainstream understandings of problems and reduce the possibility of developing perspective imbalances.”	Descriptions of efforts to focus discussions of transportation policy on priorities of marginalized populations, i.e., decision-making processes, policy language, capacity building.
Voice [14]	Prioritizing the perspectives of marginalized persons; privileging the experiential knowledge of outsiders within. Recognizing that although racialization divides groups according to socially assigned race, experiences of and responses to marginalization are not uniform.	Descriptions of strategies (digital stories, CS workshops) or community-driven efforts to include and privilege marginalized perspectives or the perspectives themselves.
Race consciousness [14]	A deep awareness of one’s racial position and racial stratification processes versus operating in colorblind contexts.	References to explicit expressions of race and ethnicity as it relates to transportation.
Social location [14]	An individual/group’s position within a social hierarchy (e.g., privileged vs. marginalized, minority vs. majority) [which] informs the perspectives from which one views a problem; recognition that all individuals possess experiential knowledge informed by social locations.	References to characteristics of people who are left out of policy process; for CS consider the role of the physical location such as neighborhood in defining the social location.
Historical context [14]	Constructs and measures should be context-specific because racism functions differently depending on the place, population, time, and context.	References to Tucson’s transportation history.
Structural determinism [14]	The fundamental role of macro-level forces in driving and sustaining inequities across time and contexts and the tendency of dominant group members/institutions to make decisions that preserve existing power hierarchies.	References to practices that place groups at a disadvantage, i.e., funding priorities, hiring practices, authority over information.
Community engagement [22]	The process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people to bring about changes that will improve the health of the community and its members.	References to actions taken by decision-makers and advocates to encourage involvement in the decision-making process by members of the community impacted by the decisions.