Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) and odds ratio (OR) models of witnessed overdose and overdose prevention among people who inject drugs
| Characteristics | Witnessed overdose (n = 372) | Access to naloxone (n = 372) | Naloxone training (n = 372) | Naloxone use (n = 345) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Male (ref.: female) | 1.13 (0.88–1.44) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 1.23 (0.75–2.01) | 1.47 (0.86–2.54) | 1.22 0.77–1.93 | 1.48 (0.89–2.46) | 1.26 (0.80–1.98) | 1.80* (1.07-3.04) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 1.02* (1.01–1.03) | 1.02* (1.01–1.03) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.97* (0.95–0.99) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) |
| White (ref.: Black) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 2.50* (1.54–4.05) | 2.36* (1.29–4.30) | 2.15* (1.38–3.36) | 1.93* (1.11–3.37) | 2.64* (1.70–4.08) | 2.02* (1.17-3.50) |
| Graduated high school (ref.: grade 11 or less) | 0.94 (0 .74–1.21) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 1.38 (0. 86–2.20) | 1.15 (0.68–1.94) | 1.44 (0.92–2.24) | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 1.54 (0.98–2.41) | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) |
| Homeless | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 1.17 (0.74–1.84) | 1.19 (0.70–2.02) | 1.35 (0.88–2.08) | 1.47 (0.89–2.43) | 1.73* (1.12–2.69) | 1.79* (1.06-3.01) |
| Injection drug recency (ref: 6 to 12 months ago) | ||||||||
| 4 to 6 months ago | 1.63 (0.89–3.00) | 1.82 (1.01–3.29) | 0.68 (0.23–2.04) | 0.59 (0.18–1.91) | 0.74 (0.26–2.13) | 0.62 (0.20–1.90) | 1.18 (0.33–4.18) | 0.91 (0.23–3.62) |
| In past 3 months | 2.30* (1.50–3.54) | 2.25* (1.49–3.40) | 1.25 (0.57–2.75) | 1.53 (0.66–3.57) | 1.39 (0.66–2.92) | 1.62 (0.74–3.57) | 3.23* (1.34–7.79) | 3.17* (1.23-8.14) |
| Opioid agonist treatment | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 3.32* (2.08–5.31) | 3.45* (2.08–5.74) | 2.9 * (1.86–4.52) | 3.11* (1.93–5.02) | 1.63* (1.04–2.54) | 1.81* (1.10-2.98) |
| Number of personal overdoses | 1.10* (1.07–1.14) | 1.11* (1.07–1.14) | 1.15* (1.06–1.26) | 1.09 (1.00–1.20) | 1.11* (1.04–1.19) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.12* (1.05–1.19) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |
| Number of witnessed overdoses | – | 1.03* (1.00–1.06) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.03* (1.00–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.05* (1.02–1.08) | 1.04* (1.01–1.07) | |
*p value < 0.05