Table 2.
Injurious pecking in fattening turkeys. Age of turkeys injured or killed by conspecifics, time frame and duration of injurious pecking, eliciting factors, and behavioral sequence as revealed by video analyses.
| Trial | Case | Age [d] | Time frame |
Observations |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start |
Duration [h:min] | Initial phase | Main phase | Final phase | Ultimate result | ||||
| Date | Time | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 41 | 19.12.2017 | 2:52 pm | 16:40∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment | Killed |
| 2 | 48 | 26.12.2017 | 7:58 pm | 11:25∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 3 | 64 | 11.01.2018 | 3:57 pm | 16:06∗ | Bird was pecked on an encrusted wound | Torment, chase | Torment | Killed | |
| 4 | 65 | 12.01.2018 | 4:55 pm | 15:37∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 5 | 71 | 18.01.2018 | 9:23 am | 5:01 | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 6 | 72 | 19.01.2018 | 8:15 am | 3:42 | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 7 | 77 | 24.01.2018 | 5:11 pm | 14:30∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 8 | 78 | 25.01.2018 | 2:53 pm | 16:49∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 9 | 79 | 26.01.2018 | 12:47 pm | 20:59∗ | Bird was pecked on an encrusted wound | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 10 | 80 | 27.01.2018 | 7:32 pm | 14:04∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 11 | 82 | 29.01.2018 | 5:16 pm | 14:23∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 12 | 83 | 30.01.2018 | 2:29 pm | 17:06∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 13 | 86 | 02.02.2018 | 6:32 pm | 13:59∗ | Bird was pecked on an encrusted wound | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 14 | 87 | 03.02.2018 | 5:06 am | 3:26 | Feather pecking | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 15 | 90 | 06.02.2018 | 7:24 pm | 12:21∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 16 | 113 | 01.03.2018 | 8:35 pm | 11:23∗ | Bird was unable to rise | Torment | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 17 | 120 | 08.03.2018 | 8:00 pm | 11:14∗ | Bird was unable to rise | Torment | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 2 | 18 | 38 | 22.12.2018 | 10:56 am | 22:21∗ | Feather pecking | Torment, chase | Torment | Killed |
| 19 | 49 | 02.01.2019 | 7:54 pm | 11:38∗ | Bird appeared in poor condition | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 20 | 58 | 11.01.2019 | 8:01 pm | 14:24∗ | Bird showed disturbance of equilibrium | Torment | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 21 | 74 | 27.01.2019 | 6:58 pm | 12:36∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 22 | 74 | 27.01.2019 | 2:44 pm | 17:02∗ | Bird appeared in poor condition | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 23 | 81 | 03.02.2019 | 5:52 pm | 13:50∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 24 | 82 | 04.02.2019 | 11:40 am | 19:41∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 25 | 92 | 14.02.2019 | 8:02 pm | 11:14∗ | Bird showed disturbance of equilibrium | Torment | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 26 | 92 | 14.02.2019 | 9:41 am | 5:27 | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 27 | 94 | 16.02.2019 | 7:29 am | 2:15 | General excitement within the flock | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Killed | |
| 28 | 94 | 16.02.2019 | 4:36 pm | 16:34∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 29 | 112 | 06.03.2019 | 7:39 am | 23:57∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 3 | 30 | 33 | 15.06.2019 | 1:57 pm | 20:23∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment | Killed |
| 31 | 45 | 27.06.2019 | 4:44 pm | 13:29∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment | Culled | |
| 32 | 48 | 30.06.2019 | 12:20 pm | 17:46∗ | Bird was pecked on an encrusted wound | Torment, chase | Torment | Culled | |
| 33 | 52 | 04.07.2019 | 2:09 pm | 16:00∗ | Feather pecking | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 34 | 56 | 08.07.2019 | 7:32 am | 6:48 | Bird was pecked on an encrusted wound | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 35 | 94 | 15.08.2019 | 7:23 am | 4:58 | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 36 | 107 | 28.08.2019 | 11:48 am | 19:13∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 37 | 109 | 30.08.2019 | 5:00 am | 4:30 | Bird was unable to rise | Torment | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 38 | 111 | 01.09.2019 | 6:55 am | 1:24 | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 39 | 114 | 04.09.2019 | 1:15 pm | 17:40∗ | Agonistic interaction between 2 males | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 40 | 121 | 11.09.2019 | 3:30 pm | 15:17∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
| 41 | 124 | 14.09.2019 | 5:17 pm | 15:11∗ | Bird was pecked on the occiput | Torment, chase | Torment, mounting | Culled | |
Initial phase: first agonistic interaction between subsequent victim and another turkey, subordinated bird is chased by the dominant turkey; main phase: victim is surrounded by numerous conspecifics, followed by pecking and chasing of the victim by a changing number of turkeys; final phase: victim surrenders, stops attempts to escape, and submits without reaction to further injurious pecking by conspecifics; culled: turkey had to be culled because of the severity of the injuries in accordance with animal welfare legislation; killed: turkey was killed by conspecifics through injurious pecking.
∗
Including a dark period (7 h 20 min) and 2 twilight periods with a duration of 20 min each from 5:00–5:20 am and 8:40–9:00 pm.