Fig. 5.

Comparison of virus inactivation in laboratory solution (grey bars), stored urine (U4 [pH 8.0, 20 mmol L⁻¹ NH₃], U12 [pH 9.0, 80 mmol L⁻¹ NH₃]), sludge (S2) and manure (M4) at 35 °C. Kinetics in laboratory solution (from left ot right: phosphate carbonate buffer [pH 8.0, 50 mmol L⁻¹ carbonate, 60 mmol L⁻¹ phosphate] and ammonium carbonate [pH 8.0, 50 mmol L⁻¹ carbonate, 20 mmol L⁻¹ NH₃]) were derived from Decrey et al.,¹⁶ except for HAdV at pH 9.0 (phosphate buffer [pH 9.0, 50 mmol L⁻¹ carbonate, 40 mmol L⁻¹ phosphate]). The exact rate constants for U4, U12, S2 and M4 are listed in Table S2.† For ΦX174 and T4 in M4, columns with diagonal patterns depict k_{obs_slow}. Error bars depict 95% confidence interval associated with k_obs.