Table 1.

Metabolic pathways of classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages.

Immune cell	Metabolic pathway	Metabolic reprogramming	Relevance of metabolic pathway to cellular function	Model	References
M1 macrophages	Glycolysis	⇑	Inflammatory cytokines production	Myeloid-specific HIF-1α overexpressing mice	(139)
				HFD-fed mice and myeloid-specific HIF-1α−/− mice	(140)
			Vascular remodeling	ATMs deletion in HFD-fed mice LPS and High Glucose stimulated macrophages	(141)
	Oxidative phosphorylation	⇓			(138)
	Pentose phosphate pathway	⇑	Production of inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO	Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages	(142)
			Inflammatory cytokines production	Myeloid-specific HIF-1α overexpressing mice	(139)
	TCA Cycle	Truncated	Production of prostaglandins, NO and ROS		(143)
	Lipogenesis	⇑	Required for Inflammasome activation and production of inflammatory mediators	Cecal ligation puncture-induced endotoxic shock in SREBP-1a-deficient mice LPS stimulated macrophages from mutant mice	(144)
			Required for Phagocytosis	SREBP-1a-deficient macrophages	(145)
			Required for inflammasome activation	Polymicrobial sepsis UCP2−/− mouse model	(146)
	Glutamine metabolism	⇓	Required for polarization and T cell recruitment	Glutamine synthase (GS)-inhibited macrophages and GS−/− macrophages	(147)
	Fatty acid oxidation	⇑	Inflammasome activation	NOX4-deficient mice	(148)
M2 macrophages	Glycolysis	⇑	Not essential for polarization unless OXPHOS is affected	BMDMs and Raw264.7 cells	(149)
	Oxidative phosphorylation	⇑	Required for polarization	BMDMs and Raw264.7 cells	(149)
	Glutamine metabolism	⇑	Required for polarization		(150)
	Fatty acid oxidation	⇑	Required for polarization and activation of the anti-inflammatory program	STAT6–/– BMDMs, embryonic-derived myeloid progenitors and PGC-1β transgenic mice	(151)
			Essentiality for polarization ?		(152–154)

⇑, high metabolic rate; ⇓, low metabolic rate; ?, requires further investigation.