Table 3.
Metabolic pathways of neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells.
| Immune cell | Metabolic pathway | Metabolic reprogramming | Relevance of metabolic pathway to cellular function | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophils | Glycolysis | ⇑ | Required for phagocytosis | Stimulated human neutrophils in vitro | (186) |
| Required for NETosis | Phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human neutrophils in vitro | (187) | |||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | ⇑ | Required for differentiation | shRNA induced knockdown of adenylate kinase 2 in neutrophil progenitor cells | (188) | |
| Required for chemotaxis and respiratory burst | Oligomycin and FCCP-treated human neutrophils | (189) | |||
| Required for the production of ROS | LPS-treated mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils treated with Antimycin A or myxothiazol | (190) | |||
| Required for migration | Polg CRISPR/Cas9-mediated neutrophil-specific knockout in Zebra fish | (191) | |||
| Pentose phosphate pathway | ⇑ | Required for NETosis | Amyloid fibril- and phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human neutrophils | (192) | |
| Required for ROS generation and NETosis | G6PD-deficient patients G6PD-deficient mice |
(193, 194) | |||
| TCA cycle | ⇑ | Required for chemotaxis | Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant mice | (195) | |
| Required for differentiation | Mouse Atg5-deficient neutrophils and an in vitro model of differentiating neutrophils | (196) | |||
| Lipogenesis | ⇑ | Required for differentiation | Atg7-deficient neutrophil precursors | (197) | |
| Required for neutrophil maintanence | FASlox/lox-Rosa26-CreER mice | (198) | |||
| Glutamine metabolism | ⇑ | Not required for NETosis | Phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human neutrophils in vitro | (187) | |
| Fatty acid oxidation | ⇑ | Required for NOX-2-dependent respiratory burst and ROS production | NOX deficient p47−/− mice, bone marrow c-Kit+/− neutrophils and human neutrophils | (199) | |
| Required for NETosis | (185) | ||||
| Required for differentiation | Atg7-deficient neutrophil precursors | (197) | |||
| Eosinophils | Glycolysis | ⇑ | Peripheral blood-derived human eosinophils | (200) | |
| IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF-stimulated human eosinophils | (201) | ||||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | ⇑ | Peripheral blood-derived human eosinophils | (200) | ||
| IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF-stimulated human eosinophils | (201) | ||||
| TCA cycle | ⇑ | IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF-stimulated human eosinophils | (201) | ||
| Glutamine metabolism | ⇑ | IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF-stimulated human eosinophils | (201) | ||
| Mast Cells | Glycolysis | ⇑ | Required for histamine release | 2-DG-treated rat mast cells | (202) |
| Required for IgE-mediated degranulation | High glucose-treated bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells | (203) | |||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | ⇑ | (204) | |||
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | ⇑ | (204) | |||
| TCA Cycle | Truncated | Accumulation of upstream intermediates that channel through the PPP Mast cell degranulation |
Basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells and a mouse model of allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness | (204, 205) | |
| Lipogenesis | ⇑ | (204) |
⇑, high metabolic rate; ⇓, low metabolic rate.