Table 5.

Metabolic pathways of innate lymphoid cells.

Immune cell	Metabolic pathway	Metabolic reprogramming	Relevance of metabolic pathway to cellular function	Model	References
ILC1s and NK Cells	Glycolysis	⇑	Required for cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production Not required for NK cell degranulation	IL-2 or IL-12/15-stimulated peripheral blood NK cells	(308)
			NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity	IL-15-activated NK cells in vitro and MCMV infection in mice	(309)
	Oxidative Phosphorylation	⇑		IL-2 or IL-12/15-stimulated peripheral blood NK cells	(308)
				Primary murine NK cells	(310)
			Not required for IFN-γ production	IL-12 and IL-18-stimulated primary murine NK cells
			Required for NK cell activation	NK receptor-activating stimulation of primary murine NK cells
ILC2s	Glycolysis	⇓	Required for proliferation and cytokines production	Arg1-deficient ILCs in mice	(311, 312)
			?	Arg1-deficient ILC2s in a mouse model of helminth infection	(56)
			Required for ILC2 development	Conditional deletion of E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL in innate lymphoid progenitors	(313)
			Required for ILC2 homeostasis and cytokine production	Atg5−/− mice	(314)
	Fatty Acid Oxidation	⇑	Required for accumulation and production of IL-13 and IL-5	Rag1−/− mouse model of helminth infection and malnutrition	(315)
			Required for ILC2 homeostasis and cytokine production	Atg5−/− mice	(314)

⇑, high metabolic rate; ⇓, low metabolic rate; ?, require further investigation.