Table 1.
Background of participants
| Participant demographics | Frail, n = 67 | Not frail, n = 32 | P value † |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median [25%, 75%] | 78 [72, 86] | 75 [63, 84] | 0.06 |
| Male, n (%) | 42 (66) | 25 (78) | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median [25%, 75%] | 20.4 [18.2, 23.4] | 21.4 [18.4, 24.2] | 0.62 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 7 (10) | 6 (19) | 0.34 |
| BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2, n (%) | 20 (30) | 8 (25) | 0.81 |
| SOFA score, median [25%, 75%] | 10 [8, 12] | 9 [7, 12] | 0.78 |
| Vasopressor use, n (%) | 54 (81) | 24 (75) | 0.60 |
| Septic shock, n (%) | 46 (69) | 21 (66) | 0.82 |
| Serum lactate (mmol/L median) [25%, 75%] | 4.4 [2.5, 7.2] | 4.6 [2.5, 5.9] | 0.53 |
| Site of infection, n (%) | |||
| Respiratory | 51 (76) | 18 (56) | 0.23 |
| Urinary | 8 (12) | 6 (19) | |
| Abdomen | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| Soft tissue | 2 (3) | 2 (6) | |
| Other | 5 (7) | 6 (19) | |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Chronic respiratory disease | 13 (19) | 2 (6) | 0.13 |
| Chronic heart disease | 17 (25) | 6 (19) | 0.61 |
| Neurologic disease | 19 (28) | 3 (9) | 0.04 |
| Collagen disease | 4 (6) | 1 (3) | >0.99 |
| Kidney disease | 6 (9) | 2 (6) | >0.99 |
| Diabetes | 11 (16) | 6 (19) | 0.78 |
| Hypertension | 19 (28) | 10 (31) | 0.82 |
| Malignancy | 13 (19) | 4 (13) | 0.57 |
| Pathogenic microorganisms, n (%) | |||
| Gram positive | 12 (18) | 12 (38) | 0.053 |
| Gram negative | 35 (52) | 13 (41) | |
| Multiple | 14 (21) | 2 (6) | |
| Other | 6 (9) | 5 (16) | |
| Bacteremia, n (%) | 23 (34) | 16 (50) | 0.19 |
| Respiratory status | |||
| PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg), median [25%, 75%] | 140 [101, 202] | 147 [111, 182] | 0.97 |
| pH, median [25%, 75%] | 7.28 [7.17, 7.37] | 7.33 [7.28, 7.39] | 0.09 |
| Lowest PaCO2 (mmHg), median [25%, 75%] | 31 [27, 43] | 30 [27, 36] | 0.35 |
| Highest PaCO2 (mmHg), median [25%, 75%] | 43 [35, 61] | 42 [37, 49] | 0.15 |
| PaCO2 > 45 mmHg, n (%) | 30 (45) | 9 (28) | 0.13 |
| PEEP (cmH2O) median [25%, 75%] | 8 [6, 12] | 8 [7, 10] | 0.53 |
| Treatments | |||
| Fluid volume within the first 24 h (mL), median [25%, 75%] | 6,940 [3,910, 9,880] | 8,475 [5,230, 10,988] | 0.29 |
| Adequate use of antibiotics, n (%) | 65 (97) | 30 (94) | 0.59 |
| Use of corticosteroids for any reason, n (%) | 32 (48) | 17 (53) | 0.67 |
| Use for distributive shock, n (%) | 17 (25) | 10 (31) | 0.63 |
| Use for ARDS, n (%) | 6 (9) | 4 (13) | >0.72 |
| Use for exacerbation of COPD, n (%) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | >0.99 |
| Use for suspected laryngeal edema, n (%) | 12 (18) | 4 (13) | 0.57 |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FiO2, fraction of inspiratory oxygen; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PEEP, positive end‐expiratory pressure; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
†
We used Fisher’s exact test as categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U test as continuous variables.