Table 1.
Demographic Data of Studied Participants (N=400)
| Total (N=400) | T1DM (N=56) | T2DM (N=344) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 65.6±15.4 | 45.2±13.7 | 68.9±12.9 |
| Female | 53.5% | 48.2% | 54.4% |
| Education | |||
| -Less than high school | 156 (39.0%) | 2 (3.6%) | 154 (44.8%) |
| -High school | 86 (21.5%) | 9 (16.1%) | 77 (22.4%) |
| -Bachelor degree or colledge | 116 (29.0%) | 32 (57.1%) | 84 (24.4%) |
| -Higher than bachelor degree | 42 (10.5%) | 13 (23.2%) | 29 (8.4%) |
| Duration of DM | 23.0±10.2 | 20.1±11.6 | 23.5±9.8 |
| Duration of insulin (years) | 11.4±8.7 | 18.9±11.0 | 10.2±7.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2±4.8 | 23.8±3.6 | 26.5±4.8 |
| A1C (%NGSP) | 7.9±1.6 | 7.8±1.5 | 7.9±1.6 |
| Daily insulin dose (units/day) | 41.9±24.9 | 46.5±17.8 | 41.1±25.8 |
| Daily insulin dose (unit/kg/day) | 0.6±0.3 | 0.7±0.3 | 0.6±0.3 |
| Type of insulin* | |||
| Human insulin | 150 (27.9%) | 16 (24.6%) | 134 (36.8%) |
| -Regular insulin | 21 | 8 | 13 |
| -NPH | 15 | 4 | 11 |
| -Pre-mixed human insulin | 114 | 4 | 110 |
| Insulin analog | 387 (72.1%) | 49 (75.4%) | 230 (63.2%) |
| -Aspart | 81 | 19 | 62 |
| -Lispro | 84 | 25 | 59 |
| -Glulisine | 18 | 4 | 14 |
| -Glargine U100 | 96 | 19 | 77 |
| -Glargine U300 | 31 | 5 | 26 |
| -Detemir | 9 | 2 | 7 |
| -Degludec | 68 | 17 | 51 |
| Insulin device | |||
| -Insulin pen | 375 (93.8%) | 48 (85.7%) | 327 (95.0%) |
| -Insulin syringe | 20 (5.0%) | 6 (10.7%) | 14 (4.1%) |
| -Mixed (pen and syringe) | 5 (1.2%) | 2 (3.6%) | 3 (0.9%) |
| Patients with concurrent anti-diabetic medications (%) | 218 (54.5%) | 11 (19.6%) | 207 (60.2%) |
| Specified type of anti-diabetic medications# | |||
| -Sulfonylurea | 28 | 0 | 28 |
| -Metformin | 162 | 5 | 157 |
| -DPP4 inhibitor | 82 | 3 | 79 |
| -Thiazolidinedione | 58 | 2 | 56 |
| -SGLT2 inhibitor | 48 | 4 | 44 |
| -GLP1 receptor agonist | 12 | 0 | 12 |
Notes: *The denominator was 537, due to some patients using more than one type of insulin. #Some patients received more than one type of anti-diabetic medication.