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. 2020 Nov 26;13:4609–4620. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S282926

Table 3.

Comparison of Clinical Parameters and Glycemic Control in Patients with and without Insulin-Induced Lipohypertrophy

Patients with LH (N=149) Patients without LH (N=251) P-value
Age 64.8±14.2 66.0±16.1 0.420
Female 71 (47.7%) 143 (57.0%) 0.071
Education 0.338

  • Less than high school

 55 (37.2%) 101 (40.1%)

  • High school

 31 (20.9%) 55 (21.8%)

  • Bachelor degree or colledge

 50 (33.8%) 66 (26.2%)

  • Higher than bachelor degree

 12 (8.1%) 30 (11.9%)
Durationof DM 24.1 ± 8.9 22.4 ± 10.8 0.103
Duration of insulin (years) 13.4 ± 9.2 10.3 ± 8.1 0.001
BMI (kg/m2) 25.9 ± 4.8 26.3 ± 4.8 0.437
A1C (%NGSP) 7.8 ± 1.5 7.9 ± 1.7 0.545
Daily insulin dose (units/day) 43 ± 24 41 ± 25 0.439
Daily insulin dose (unit/kg/day) 0.6 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.3 0.441
Type of insulin 0.021

  • Human insulin

 54 (36.2%) 59 (23.5%)

  • Insulin analog

 88 (59.1%) 181 (72.1%)

  • Both types of insulin

 7 (4.7%) 11 (4.4%)
Insulin device 0.265

  • Insulin pen

 136 (91.3%) 239 (95.2%)

  • Insulin syringe

 10 (6.7%) 10 (4.0%)

  • Mixed

 3 (2.0%) 2 (0.8%)
Insulin regimen 0.074

  • Mixed split

 61 (41.2%) 94 (37.3%)

  • Basal bolus

 27 (18.2%) 60 (23.8%)

  • Basal plus

 29 (19.6%) 31 (12.3%)

  • Basal only

 29 (19.6%) 57 (22.6%)

  • Others

 2 (1.4%) 10 (4.0%)
Location of injection site 0.282

  • Abdomen

 143 (96.0%) 228 (90.8%)

  • Thigh

 - 4 (1.6%)

  • Arm

 - 1 (0.4%)

  • Mixed

 6 (4.0%) 17 (6.8%)

  • Hip

 - 1 (0.4%)
Rotation injection site <0.001

  • Yes

 60 (40.3%) 238 (94.8%)

  • No

 88 (59.7%) 13 (5.2%)
Needle length 0.652

  • 4 mm

 5 (3.4%) 15 (6.0%)

  • 5 mm

 30 (20.1%) 52 (20.7%)

  • 6 mm

 75 (50.3%) 125 (49.8%)

  • 8 mm

 38 (25.5%) 55 (21.9%)

  • Others

 1 (0.7%) 4 (1.6%)
Reused insulin needles 0.057

  • Yes

 145 (97.3%) 233 (92.8%)

  • No

 4 (2.7%) 18 (7.2%)