Figure 1.
LDN prevents hyperinsulinemia and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines release in HFD-induced hyperinsulinemic mice. A, schematic of protocols with time courses and time of LDN treatment and NCD or HFD exposures. B, fasting serum insulin levels of indicated mice groups. C, plasma glucose levels during ipITT of indicated mice groups (top) and AUC for glucose. D, plasma glucose level during ipGTT (top) of indicated mice groups with the area under the glucose curves in bottom panel. E, serum IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 levels of indicated mice groups. Cytokines levels were measured using Bio-Plex ProTM Mouse cytokine Standard 23 Plex Group 1 kit- (Bio-Rad, 171304070M) on a Bio-Plex-200 (Bio-Rad). F, quantitative mRNA expression of il-1β, tnf-α, and il-6 in purified ATMs from all group mice. Values are expressed as mean ± S.D. ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05 versus NCD + saline and ^^^, P < 0.001; ^^, P < 0.01; ^, P < 0.05 versus HFD + saline. (ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison).