Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19
| Variables | Condition on admission | Outcome | |||||
| Moderate (n=91) |
Severe (n=133) |
Critical (n=84) |
P value | Survivor (n=170) |
Non-survivor (n=138) |
P value | |
| Age, years | 55.0 (39.0–67.0) | 66.0 (55.5–73.0) | 70.0 (63.3–78.8) | <0.0001 | 57.0 (43.0–68.0) | 70.0 (62.8–78.0) | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 51/91 (56) | 67/133 (50) | 24/84 (29) | 0.0003 | 95/170 (56) | 47/138 (34) | 0.0001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | 35/89 (39) | 82/132 (62) | 61/83 (74) | <0.0001 | 72/167 (43) | 106/137 (77) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 18/89 (20) | 51/132 (39) | 41/83 (49) | <0.0001 | 43/167 (26) | 67/137 (49) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 14/89 (16) | 22/132 (17) | 20/83 (24) | 0.1621 | 24/167 (14) | 32/137 (23) | 0.0443 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5/89 (6) | 21/132 (16) | 15/83 (18) | 0.0158 | 13/167 (8) | 28/137 (20) | 0.0013 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2/89 (2) | 3/132 (2) | 7/83 (8) | 0.0402 | 4/167 (2) | 8/137 (6) | 0.2155 |
| Pulmonary disease | 6/89 (7) | 11/132 (8) | 9/83 (11) | 0.3380 | 10/167 (6) | 16/137 (12) | 0.0775 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0/89 (0) | 3/132 (2) | 4/83 (5) | 0.0353 | 1/167 (1) | 6/137 (4) | 0.0715 |
| Signs and symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Fever | 76/90 (84) | 119/133 (90) | 77/84 (92) | 0.1318 | 145/169 (86) | 127/138 (92) | 0.0875 |
| Cough | 54/90 (60) | 101/132 (77) | 71/84 (85) | 0.0002 | 114/169 (68) | 112/137 (82) | 0.0047 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 3.1 (2.5–4.1) | 4.0 (2.7–5.7) | 10.1 (7.2–14.7) | <0.0001 | 3.3 (2.4–4.3) | 8.1 (4.9–12.5) | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 213.0 (160.0–309.0) | 208.5 (149.0–261.3) | 156.0 (94.5–222.0) | <0.0001 | 220.0 (170.8–291.3) | 151.0 (107.0–222.5) | <0.0001 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0.4 (0.3–0.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.6) | 18.1 (2.6–21.0) | <0.0001 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 7.9 (1.3–21.0) | <0.0001 |
| ALT, U/L | 18.0 (13.0–24.0) | 23.0 (16.0–39.0) | 33.5 (21.0–55.8) | <0.0001 | 20.0 (13.8–32.5) | 28.0 (18.0–46.5) | <0.0001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 3.7 (3.1–4.7) | 5.1 (3.7–6.7) | 9.6 (7.0–16.1) | <0.0001 | 3.9 (3.1–5.2) | 8.8 (5.6–12.9) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 66.0 (57.0–81.0) | 72.0 (56.0–93.0) | 87.5 (70.5–120.0) | <0.0001 | 65.5 (57.0–82.0) | 86.5 (66.8–120.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.8 (3.2–4.5) | 3.5 (3.1–3.9) | 3.2 (2.8–3.8) | <0.0001 | 3.6 (3.2–4.3) | 3.3 (2.8–3.9) | <0.0001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.05 (0.04–0.09) | 0.09 (0.05–0.23) | 0.49 (0.17–1.49) | <0.0001 | 0.05 (0.04–0.09) | 0.31 (0.14–1.09) | <0.0001 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase, U/L | 229.0 (190.0–283.0) | 315.0 (219.5–431.8) | 637.0 (490.5–872.5) | <0.0001 | 243.0 (194.8–309.8) | 524.5 (366.0–721.0) | <0.0001 |
| C reactive protein, mg/L | 7.7 (2.5–24.3) | 49.3 (8.9–93.3) | 112.3 (71.4–187.3) | <0.0001 | 10.7 (2.4–36.7) | 100.5 (62.4–161.2) | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin 1β ≥5 pg/mL, n (%) | 13/91 (14) | 17/133 (13) | 11/84 (13) | 0.8120 | 23/170 (14) | 18/138 (13) | 0.9006 |
| Interleukin 2 receptor, U/mL | 475.5 (375.8–630.8) | 799.0 (538.5–1097.0) | 1259.5 (942.3–1825.0) | <0.0001 | 553.0 (402.0–802.0) | 1137.5 (822.0–1584.3) | <0.0001 |
| ≥710 U/L, n (%) | 19/91 (21) | 74/133 (56) | 77/84 (92) | <0.0001 | 51/170 (30) | 113/138 (82) | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin 6, pg/mL | 5.6 (2.7–15.3) | 24.3 (6.7–61.7) | 64.8 (29.42–153.1) | <0.0001 | 7.9 (2.7–22.8) | 59.7 (23.6–137.4) | <0.0001 |
| ≥7 pg/mL, n (%) | 41/91 (45) | 100/133 (75) | 77/83 (92) | <0.0001 | 90/170 (53) | 132/137 (96) | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin 8, pg/mL | 15.4 (7.7–29.4) | 19.5 (12–35.5) | 30.8 (21.0–71.8) | <0.0001 | 16.3 (9.4–28.7) | 26.6 (16.4–60.40) | <0.0001 |
| ≥62 pg/mL, n (%) | 10/91 (11) | 13/133 (10) | 77/84 (92) | <0.0001 | 14/170 (8) | 33/138 (24) | 0.0001 |
| Interleukin 10, pg/mL | 5.0 (5.0–5.1) | 5.9 (5.0–10.80) | 10.9 (6.4–18.7) | <0.0001 | 5.0 (5.0–6.7) | 10.1 (5.4–16.4) | <0.0001 |
| ≥9.1 pg/mL, n (%) | 10/91 (11) | 46/133 (35) | 76/83 (92) | <0.0001 | 31/170 (18) | 76/137 (56) | <0.0001 |
| TNF, pg/mL | 7.7 (6.0–9.5) | 8.6 (6.9–11.9) | 11.2 (7.4–18.8) | <0.0001 | 7.8 (6.1–9.7) | 10.9 (7.7–15.9) | <0.0001 |
| ≥8.1 pg/mL, n (%) | 43/91 (47) | 80/133 (60) | 77/84 (92) | <0.0001 | 82/170 (48) | 101/138 (73) | <0.0001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 4/91 (4) | 46/133 (35) | 79/84 (94) | <0.0001 | 7/170 (4) | 122/138 (88) | <0.0001 |
| Antibiotics treatment | 85/91 (93) | 128/133 (96) | 84–0/84 (100) | 0.0191 | 160/170 (94) | 137/138 (99) | 0.0343 |
| Antiviral treatment | 90/90 (100) | 124/126 (98) | 62/79 (79) | <0.0001 | 167/167 (100) | 109/128 (85) | <0.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 48/90 (53) | 86/133 (65) | 74/84 (88) | <0.0001 | 84/169 (50) | 124/138 (90) | <0.0001 |
| Immunoglobulin | 31/91 (34) | 77–56/133 (58) | 47–37/84 (56) | 0.0031 | 69/170 (41) | 86/138 (62) | 0.0001 |
| Duration of complaint, days | 8.0 (4.8–13.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.5) | 11.0 (7.0–15.0) | 0.0007 | 8.0 (6.0–13.0) | 10.0 (7.0–15.0) | 0.0027 |
| Hospitalisation, days | 16.0 (12.0–23.0) | 19.0 (12.0–24.0) | 8.0 (4.0–13.0) | <0.0001 | 19.5 (14.0–24.0) | 10.0 (5.0–17.0) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of disease, days | 26.0 (20.0–31.0) | 29.0 (24.0–35.0) | 19.0 (15.0–29.0) | <0.0001 | 29.0 (24.0–34.0) | 22.0 (15.8–30.0) | <0.0001 |
| Progression, n (%) | 8/45 (18) | 52/129 (40) | – | – | – | – | – |
Data are median (IQR), mean (SD) or n (%).
P values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test or Yates’ continuity corrected χ2 test, as appropriate.
Duration of complaint: time from onset of symptom to hospital admission; duration of disease: time from onset of symptom to outcome; hospitalisation: time from hospital admission to outcome.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.