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. 2020 Nov 26;12(11):1276–1294. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1276

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted by cells and wrapped in membranes made up of lipid bilayer molecules. Exosomes contain proteins, nucleic acids, and other substances. Their proteins include heat shock proteins, MVB biogenesis proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, apoptosis, ligand, embrane transport proteins and so on. Their nucleic acids include mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, DNA, and so on. ALIX: ALG-2 interacting protein X; CXCR4: CXC-chemokine receptor 4; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HSP70: Heat shock 70 kDa protein; TSG101: Tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein.