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. 2020 Nov 26;12(11):1276–1294. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1276

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Exosomes were first isolated from the cultured supernatant of stem cells and injected intravenously into the model. The exosomes then reach the damaged site, are absorbed by the cells, and enter the cell: (1) Exosome-derived microRNA binds to enhancers in the nucleus to promote gene expression; (2) miRNA in exosomes bind to the 3’-UTR of the mRNA for mRNA degradation; and (3) exosomes inhibit mRNA translation. The second and third ways have been studied, and the first way is based on the assumption of existing studies. RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex.