Table 3.

Representative articles on inflammatory regulation

Exosome origin	Diseases	MicroRNA	Downstream molecular/pathways	MicroRNA methodology
Placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	MiR-29c	TGF-β	Reporter gene assays[106]
Induced pluripotent stem cells	Group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dominant allergic airway	MiR-146a-5p	T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines	Anion-exchange chromatography; RNA sequencing[105]
Mouse BM-MSCs	Peripheral neuropathy in diabetes	MiR-17, miR-23a, and miR-125b	TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.	MiRNA array; ultracentrifugation[164]
MSCs	Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury	MiR-182	TLR4 pathway	Differential centrifugation; miRNA sequencing[107]
Human UC-MSCs	Burn-induced excessive inflammation	MiR-181c	TLR4 pathway	PureExo Column; miRNA array analysis[164]
LPS-preconditioned MSCs	Wound healing	Let-7b	TLR4 pathway	Gradient centrifugation; miRNA microarray[111]
Human UC-MSCs	Hyperglycemia-induced retinal inflammation	MiR-126	HMGB1 signaling pathway	Ultracentrifugation[165]

BM-MSCs: Bone marrow MSCs; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; HMGB1: High-mobility group box-1.