Table 1.
Description of Nonbeneficiary and Beneficiary Families of the Bolsa Familia Program (n = 12,949,730) Within 6 Months of Registration in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, Brazil, 2007–2014
| Social and Demographic Variable | Non-BFP (8,621,100) | BFP (4,328,630) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | Median (IQR) | No. | % | Median (IQR) | P Value a | |
| Head-of-family characteristics | |||||||
| Age, years | 40.2 (26.1–59.2) | 32.6 (26.4–42.1) | <0.001 | ||||
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 4,017,128 | 46.6 | 1,699,124 | 39.3 | |||
| Female | 4,603,972 | 53.4 | 2,629,506 | 60.7 | |||
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||
| White | 2,910,212 | 33.8 | 1,222,972 | 28.3 | |||
| Black | 625,762 | 7.3 | 389,069 | 9.0 | |||
| Asian | 43,379 | 0.5 | 18,047 | 0.4 | |||
| Mixed/Brown | 4,566,436 | 53.0 | 2,465,304 | 57.0 | |||
| Indigenous | 19,571 | 0.2 | 51,036 | 1.2 | |||
| Missing | 455,740 | 5.3 | 182,202 | 4.2 | |||
| Literacy | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 7,364,320 | 85.4 | 3,875,678 | 89.5 | |||
| No | 1,220,161 | 14.2 | 422,482 | 9.8 | |||
| Missing | 36,619 | 0.4 | 30,470 | 0.7 | |||
| Educationb | <0.001 | ||||||
| Primary school or less | 2,495,387 | 28.9 | 1,090,961 | 25.2 | |||
| Junior high school | 2,069,347 | 24.0 | 1,387,715 | 32.1 | |||
| High school | 2,055,301 | 23.8 | 990,945 | 22.9 | |||
| Missing | 2,001,065 | 23.2 | 859,009 | 19.8 | |||
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||||||
| Currently not working | 3,720,000 | 43.1 | 1,995,758 | 46.1 | |||
| Working | 3,996,326 | 46.4 | 1,773,206 | 41.0 | |||
| Missing | 904,774 | 10.5 | 559,666 | 12.9 | |||
| Household characteristics | |||||||
| Region of residence | <0.001 | ||||||
| North | 890,499 | 10.3 | 558,683 | 12.9 | |||
| Northeast | 2,810,584 | 32.6 | 1,333,410 | 30.8 | |||
| Southeast | 2,969,267 | 34.4 | 1,777,094 | 41.1 | |||
| South | 1,112,028 | 12.9 | 357,311 | 8.3 | |||
| Midwest | 838,722 | 9.7 | 302,132 | 7.0 | |||
| Area of residence | <0.001 | ||||||
| Urban | 7,055,818 | 81.8 | 3,548,224 | 82.0 | |||
| Rural | 1,555,317 | 18.0 | 762,014 | 17.6 | |||
| Missing | 9,965 | 0.1 | 18,392 | 0.4 | |||
| Leprosy high-burden municipality | |||||||
| No | 6,029,977 | 69.9 | 2,460,514 | 56.8 | |||
| Yes | 2,591,123 | 30.1 | 1,868,116 | 43.2 | |||
| Type of household | <0.001 | ||||||
| Private | 7,435,902 | 86.3 | 3,630,445 | 83.9 | |||
| Shared and informal housing | 342,213 | 4.0 | 174,306 | 4.0 | |||
| Missing | 842,985 | 9.8 | 523,879 | 12.1 | |||
| Construction material | <0.001 | ||||||
| Bricks/cement | 6,894,374 | 80.0 | 3,402,241 | 78.6 | |||
| Wood, other vegetal materials | 1,436,989 | 16.7 | 794,292 | 18.3 | |||
| Missing | 289,737 | 3.4 | 132,097 | 3.1 | |||
| Water supply | <0.001 | ||||||
| Public network (tap water) | 6,541,878 | 75.9 | 3,120,429 | 72.1 | |||
| Well, natural sources or other | 1,789,487 | 20.8 | 1,076,099 | 24.9 | |||
| Missing | 289,735 | 3.4 | 132,102 | 3.1 | |||
| Electricity | <0.001 | ||||||
| Electricity with counter | 7,579,449 | 87.9 | 3,528,588 | 81.5 | |||
| Electricity without counter or no electricity | 751,916 | 8.7 | 667,939 | 15.4 | |||
| Missing | 289,735 | 3.4 | 132,103 | 3.1 | |||
| Sewage | <0.001 | ||||||
| Public network or septic tank | 5,599,038 | 64.9 | 2,769,506 | 64.0 | |||
| Homemade septic tank, ditch, or other | 2,533,943 | 29.4 | 1,305,835 | 30.2 | |||
| Missing | 488,119 | 5.7 | 253,289 | 5.9 | |||
| Waste | <0.001 | ||||||
| Public collection system | 6,898,397 | 80.0 | 3,430,663 | 79.3 | |||
| Burned, buried, outdoor disposal, or other | 1,432,970 | 16.6 | 765,868 | 17.7 | |||
| Missing | 289,733 | 3.4 | 132,099 | 3.1 | |||
| Basic servicesc | <0.001 | ||||||
| All adequate | 4,669,921 | 54.2 | 2,146,962 | 49.6 | |||
| 1 inadequate | 1,832,776 | 21.3 | 935,173 | 21.6 | |||
| 2 or 3 inadequate | 799,949 | 9.3 | 486,692 | 11.2 | |||
| All inadequate | 830,326 | 9.6 | 506,507 | 11.7 | |||
| Missing (all) | 488,128 | 5.7 | 253,296 | 5.9 | |||
| Family members | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | ||||
| Residents per room | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | <0.001 | ||||
| No. of children <18 years old | 0 (0–1) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | ||||
| No. of elders >60 years old | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 | ||||
| Family income, BRL | 465 (110–724) | 150 (30.0–300.0) | <0.001 | ||||
| Per capita income, BRL | 177.7 (50–428.449) | 50.0 (11.4–90.0) | <0.001 | ||||
Abbreviations: BFP, Bolsa Familia Program; BRL, Brazilian real; IQR, interquartile range.
a Two-tailed t test used for comparison of continuous variables and Pearson χ2 for categorical variables; missing data were considered a category.
b Primary school or less: ≤5 years of education; junior high school: 6–9 years of education; high school: ≥10 years of education.
c Basic services: water supply, electricity, sewage, and waste.