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. 2020 Dec 1;7:194. doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-00417-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Simplified diagram of lignin biosynthesis pathways in plants modified from Vanholme et al.⁷⁸ and a heat map showing the expression of lignin biosynthesis-related genes in leaf and stem tissues. Values within brackets indicate the numbers of gene copies corresponding to the catalytic genes in the pathways. The enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway are phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), p-coumaroyl shikimate/quinate 3’-hydroxylase (C3’H), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), peroxidase (PER), laccase (LAC) and caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE). b Heat map showing the expression of cellulose-related genes in leaf and stem tissues. The enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis pathways are cellulose synthase (CESA), korrigan (KOR), chitinase-like (CTL), cobra (COB), cobra-like (COBL), kobito (KOB), stello (STL), cellulose synthase-microtubule uncoupling protein (CMU), companion of cellulose synthase (CC), theseus (THE), cellulose synthase interacting (POM), and tracheary element differentiation-related (TED).