Table 1.
Estimated† mean values (95% confidence intervals) and adjusted† proportions (95% confidence intervals) of baseline characteristics of study participants according to CES-D score category.
| Characteristics | CES-D score category | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 16 | ≥ 16 | ||
| Number | 300,490 | 42,508 | |
| Age (years) | 39.7 (39.7–39.7) | 38.8 (38.7–38.9) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, male (%) | 56.3 (56.1–56.5) | 35.7 (35.3–36.2) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 (23.3–23.3) | 23.4 (23.3–23.4) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 21.6 (21.4–21.7) | 27.7 (27.3–28.2) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%)‡ | 23.1 (23.0–23.3) | 29.8 (29.4–30.3) | < 0.001 |
| Health-enhancing physically active (%) | 16.4 (16.3–16.5) | 15.9 (15.6–16.3) | 0.021 |
| High education level (%)§ | 80.5 (80.4–80.6) | 72.3 (71.9–72.7) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (%)¶ | 28.0 (27.8–28.1) | 29.0 (28.6–29.5) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 4.2 (4.2–4.3) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 11.7 (11.6–11.8) | 12.7 (12.4–13.0) | < 0.001 |
| History of CVD (%) | 1.21 (1.17–1.25) | 1.75 (1.62–1.88) | < 0.001 |
| HBsAg positivity (%) | 3.2 (3.1–3.2) | 3.0 (2.8–3.2) | 0.063 |
| Family history of cancer (%) | 26.8 (26.7–27.0) | 27.1 (26.7–27.5) | 0.251 |
| Medication for liver disease (%) | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 1.9 (1.7–2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 0.03 (0.03–0.048) | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 0.898 |
| Fatty liver (%) | 28.4 (28.2–28.5) | 29.4 (29.0–29.8) | < 0.001 |
| History of depression (%) | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | < 0.001 |
| Use of an antidepressant (%) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109.3 (109.2–109.3) | 109.0 (108.9–109.2) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.0 (70.0–70.1) | 70.0 (69.9–70.1) | 0.838 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.2 (95.2–95.3) | 95.6 (95.5–95.8) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.7 (193.6–193.8) | 193.7 (193.4–194.1) | 0.971 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 120.5 (120.4–120.6) | 120.0 (119.7–120.3) | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.9 (58.8–58.9) | 58.9 (58.8–59.0) | 0.865 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.4 (110.1–110.6) | 112.9 (112.2–113.6) | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 22.3 (22.3–22.4) | 22.6 (22.5–22.8) | 0.001 |
| Aalanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 23.6 (23.5–23.6) | 24.0 (23.7–24.2) | 0.055 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 30.9 (30.7–31.0) | 33.1 (32.7–33.4) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrosis-4 score | 0.820 (0.819–0.821) | 0.822 (0.819–0.826) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.47 (1.46–1.47) | 1.52 (1.51–1.54) | < 0.001 |
| Total calorie intake (kcal/day)†† | 1085 (1082–1089) | 1125 (1117–1134) | < 0.001 |
CVD Cardiovascular disease, HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CES-D center for epidemiologic studies-depression.
†Adjusted for age and sex.
‡ ≥ 20 g of ethanol per day; § ≥ college graduate.
¶Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2.
††Among 237,504 participants with a plausible estimated energy intake level (within three standard deviations of the log-transformed mean energy intake).