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. 2020 Nov 30;10:20869. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77842-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell sheet contraction promotes 3D structural rearrangements. Representative macroscopic images of cell culture constructs: (a) 2D monolayer cultures, (b) 3D contracted cell sheets. Cell construct edges marked by dotted orange line. Representative cross-sectional histology of H&E for (c) 2D monolayer culture and (d) 3D contracted cell sheet. Cell construct (e) diameter and (f) thickness for monolayer cultures compared to contracted cell sheets. Error bars represent means ± SD (n = 4) (**p < 0.01). Microscopic photos acquired with AmScope Software (v4.8.15934, https://www.amscope.com/software-download) (c,d).