Table 1.
A summary of participants’ characteristics of studies included.
| Study | Country | N | Follow-up (week) | Dietary intervention | Age | BMI | Diabetes duration | Diabetes assessment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tay38 | Australia | 55 | 52 | Low-carbohydrate (LC) diet: 14% carbohydrate (carbohydrate <50 g/d), 28% protein, 58% fat, <10% saturated fat, 35% monounsaturated fat, 13% polyunsaturated fat. | 58 ± 7 | 34.2 ± 4.5 | 7 ± 5 | Self-report hospital diagnosis |
| 2 | Makenzie22 | USA | 238 | 10 | Very low-calorie diets (VLCDs): <30 g/day carbohydrate, 1.5 g/kg protein, incorporate dietary fats to satiety. | 54 ± 8 | 40.8 ± 8.9 | Not specified | Self-report |
| 3 | Westman12 | USA | 21 | 24 | Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic (LCK) diet: <20 g/day carbohydrate. | 51.2 ± 6.1 | 37.8 ± 6.7 | >1 | Self-report, hospital diagnosis |
| 4 | Yancy23 | USA | 21 | 16 | Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD): ≤20 g/day carbohydrate. | 56 ± 7.9 | 42.2 ± 5.8 | Not specified | Self-report, FPG |
| 5 | Dashti29 | Kuwait | 31 | 56 | Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD): <20 g/day carbohydrates, 80–100 g/day proteins, additional 20 g/day carbohydrates after 12 weeks. | 46.4 ± 9.4 | ≥30 | Not specified | Self-report |
| 6 | Myette-Cote43 | Canada | 11 | 1 | Low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (LC): 10% carbohydrate, 25% protein, 65% fat. | 64 ± 8 | 34.0 ± 8.0 | Not specified | Screening ADA, 1998 |
| 7 | Myette-Cote (+walk)43 | Canada | 11 | 1 | Low-carbohydrate high-fat diet with 15-min post-meal walks (LC + Ex): 10% carbohydrate, 25% protein, 65% fat,15 min of walking beginning 30 min after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. | 64 ± 8 | 34.0 ± 8.0 | Not specified | Screening ADA, 1998 |
| 8 | Goday41 | Spain | 45 | 18 | Very low-calorie, ketogenic (VLCK) diet: <50 g/day carbohydrate. | 54.89 ± 8.81 | 33.25 ± 1.52 | ≥10 | Self-report |
| 9 | Leonetti14 | Italy | 14 | 4 | Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD): 15 g/day carbohydrates, 72–80 g/day proteins, 23–24 g/day lipids | 47.7 ± 11.2 | 50.8 ± 6.2 | Not specified | Screening ADA, 1998 |
| 10 | Saslow (2014)35 | USA | 15 | 36 | Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic (LCK) diet: 20–50 g/day carbohydrates. | ≥18 | 36.2 ± 8.2 | Not specified | Self-report Diabetes medication |
| 11 | Saslow (2017)9 | USA | 16 | 48 | Low-carbohydrate ketogenic (LCK) diet: 20–50 g/day carbohydrates. | ≥18 | 35.9 (32.5, 39.2) | Not specified | Self-report, Diabetes medication |
| 12 | Walton15 | USA | 11 | 13 | Low-carbohydrate (LC) ketogenic diet: 5% carbohydrate (carbohydrate < 30 g/day), 20−25% protein, 70−75% fat. | 38.3 ± 2.6 | 36.3 ± 1.4 | ≤1 | Self-report hospital diagnosis |
| 13 | Hussain4 | Kuwait | 78 | 24 | Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD): 20 g/day carbohydrate. | 37.2 ± 0.4 | 40.0 ± 0.7 | Not specified | Self-report, FPG |
N number of participants recruited in the study.