Table 1.

A Goal-Based SDM Model: Steps, Tasks, and Clinical Questions.

Steps	Tasks	Suggested Questions
Goal-team talk	Introduce goal setting and explain how goals relate to problems and to a personal narrative and context	“Let’s work as a team to explore what bothers you and what matters most to you to elicit the goals we should focus on…”
	Set collaborative goals at 3 levels, starting from the patient’s perspective.	Fundamental goals “What are you hoping for in your life?” “What are you most afraid of losing in your life?” Functional goals “What activities do you want to be able to carry on doing?” Disease- or symptom-specific goals “What symptoms or aspect of disease do you want to change?”
	Prioritize goals and make the interdependency of goals explicit	“Which of these goals are most important to you, and tell me why…?” “Let’s discuss how these goals relate to each other…”
Goal-option talk	Compare options for achieving prioritized goals	“Let’s compare the possible options that could help achieve these goals…”
	Pay attention to expected results, risks, chances of success, and the effort needed to achieve the prioritized goals	“Let’s think about how likely these options are to achieve your goals, and how much effort on your part they might take…”
	Consider impact of options on other prioritized goals and reprioritize if necessary	“Do you think we need change which goals are most important to you?”
Goal-decision talk	Agree decisions to be made	“Let’s agree on the decisions we need to make…”
	Make goal-based decisions	“Given our discussion about goals, what’s your view about next steps…?”
	Plan evaluation of goal attainment	“What would attainment of your goals look like to you and how might we evaluate this?”

Abbreviation: SDM, shared decision-making.