Table 5.

Univariable and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated With Hospitalization Among Patients With Blood Culture–Confirmed Enteric Fever (Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A) Enrolled in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), by Country—Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, September 2016–September 2019

	Bangladesh		Nepal		Pakistan
	Univariable (n = 4868)	Multivariablea (n = 3003)	Univariable (n = 1595)	Multivariablea (n = 519)	Univariable (n = 2206	Multivariablea (n = 1548)
Age in years
<2	2.82 (2.21, 3.60)*	5.51 (1.90, 16.01)*	1.74 (.67, 4.53)	3.19 (.41, 24.96)	.83 (.62, 1.11)	.70 (.48, 1.03)
2–4	2.17 (1.80, 2.64)*	3.87 (1.35, 11.10)*	.76 (.37, 1.55)	2.31 (.75, 7.15)	.92 (.72, 1.17)	.73 (.53, 1.02)
5–15	1.61 (1.34, 1.93)*	3.10 (1.08, 8.90)*	1.47 (1.14, 1.89)*	3.10 (2.01, 4.80)*	1.00 (.80, 1.26)	.99 (.73, 1.33)
≥16	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Gender
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	1.00 (.88, 1.14)	.91 (.78, 1.07)	.70 (.55, .86)*	.78 (.51, 1.28)	1.09 (.92, 1.29)	1.16 (.93, 1.45)
Species
S. Paratyphi A	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
S. Typhi	1.67 (1.37, 2.03)*	1.43 (1.10, 1.84)*	1.51 (1.09, 2.11)*	1.58 (.91, 2.74)	2.41 (1.63, 3.56)*	1.70 (1.05, 2.74)*
Fluoroquinolone sensitivity
Susceptible	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Reduced susceptibility	1.57 (.93, 2.63)	2.64 (1.27, 5.48)*	.88 (.64, 1.22)	.84 (.45, 1.59)	2.84 (1.81, 4.47)*	1.98 (1.18, 3.32)*
Third-generation cephalosporin sensitivityb
Susceptible	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Resistant	…	…	…	…	2.07 (1.74, 2.47)*	1.78 (1.40, 2.27)*
Prior antibiotic use
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.75 (1.53, 1.99)*	1.32 (1.12, 1.56)*	1.62 (1.27, 2.07)*	1.33 (.61, 2.00)	1.78 (1.50, 2.11)*	2.05 (1.62, 2.58)*
Days from fever onset to hospital presentationc
<3 days	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
3–5 days	1.14 (.87, 1.49)	1.11 (.85, 1.46)	1.17 (.67, 2.06)	1.10 (.61, 2.00)	.68 (.42, 1.07)	.61 (.38, .99)*
6–9 days	2.04 (1.55, 2.69)*	1.87 (1.40, 2.47)*	2.86 (1.56, 5.25)*	2.53 (1.32, 4.85)*	1.53 (.97, 2.43)	1.17 (.72, 1.90)
≥10 days	2.70 (1.89, 3.87)*	2.55 (1.76, 3.69)*	2.46 (1.21, 5.01)*	2.31 (1.08, 4.92)*	3.67 (2.27, 5.93)*	2.47 (1.50, 4.14)*

Data are presented as ORs (95% CI). *P < .05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference.

^aMultivariable models include patients recruited from SEAP hospitals only.

^bCephalosporin resistance only detected in Pakistan.

^cFor SEAP hospital patients only; data not available for laboratory network patients.