Table 6.
Univariable and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated With Duration of Hospital Stay Among Hospitalized Patients With Blood Culture–Confirmed Enteric Fever (Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A) Enrolled in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), by Country—Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, September 2016–September 2019
| Bangladesh | Nepal | Pakistan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable (n = 939) | Multivariable (n = 927) | Univariable (n = 150) | Multivariable (n = 149) | Univariable (n = 822) | Multivariable (n = 790) | |
| Age in years | ||||||
| <2 | 1.00 (.63, 1.58) | 1.00 (.63, 1.58) | 1.47 (.94, 2.31) | 1.61 (.95, 2.73) | .99 (.84, 1.17) | .96 (.82, 1.12) |
| 2–4 | .97 (.62, 1.53) | .98 (.62 1.55) | 1.52 (1.08, 2.16)* | 1.53 (1.09, 2.15)* | 1.10 (.97, 1.25) | 1.04 (.92, 1.18) |
| 5–10 | 1.06 (.67, 1.67) | 1.06 (.67, 1.67) | 1.46 (1.27, 1.68)* | 1.46 (1.27, 1.68)* | 1.05 (.94, 1.80) | 1.05 (.94, 1.17) |
| ≥16 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1.01 (.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (.95, 1.07) | .97 (.84, 1.13) | .91 (.79, 1.04) | 1.03 (.94, 1.13) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20)* |
| Serovar | ||||||
| S. Paratyphi A | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| S. Typhi | 1.08 (.98, 1.20) | 1.08 (.97, 1.19) | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63)* | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57)* | 1.09 (.87, 1.37) | 1.02 (.79, 1.33) |
| Fluoroquinolone sensitivity | ||||||
| Susceptible | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Reduced susceptibility | .77 (.58, 1.01) | .76 (.57, 1.00a)* | .85 (.69, 1.05) | .86 (.71, 1.04) | 1.26 (.93, 1.69) | 1.00 (.75, 1.34) |
| Third-generation cephalosporin sensitivityb | ||||||
| Susceptible | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Resistant | … | … | … | … | 1.48 (1.34, 1.64)* | 1.54 (1.39, 1.72)* |
| Prior antibiotic use | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.01 (.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (.95, 1.07) | 1.08 (.93, 1.25) | 1.12 (.97, 1.29) | .98 (.88, 1.08) | 1.06 (.95, 1.18) |
| Empirically treated | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | .99 (.92, 1.06) | .99 (.92, 1.06) | .89 (.74, 1.06) | 1.02 (.86, 1.20) | 1.27 (1.15, 1.42)* | 1.22 (1.10, 1.35)* |
| Days from fever onset to hospital presentation | ||||||
| <3 days | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 3–5 days | .97 (.87, 1.08) | .97 (.87, 1.09) | .85 (.68, 1.07) | .77 (.62, .96)* | 1.06 (.84, 1.33) | .99 (.79, 1.24) |
| 6–9 days | .98 (.88, 1.09) | .98 (.87, 1.09) | .94 (.75, 1.18) | .83 (.66, 1.03) | .94 (.75, 1.18) | .86 (.69, 1.08) |
| ≥10 days | .91 (.79, 1.03) | .89 (.77, 1.02) | .89 (.68, 1.17) | .79 (.62, 1.02) | .96 (.77, 1.21) | .85 (.68, 1.07) |
Data are presented as RRs (95% CI). *P < .05.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; RR, relative risk.
aRounding: .76 (.57, .9985); P = .0488.
bCephalosporin resistance only detected in Pakistan.