| carbon dots |
various |
a review on CDs for use
in pH sensing |
(851) |
| hydrothermal method from Agaricus bisporus
|
in microgels to monitor
3D cell culture scaffolds |
(820, 830) |
| from polyethylenimine |
pH range 2–12, cellular uptake |
(819) |
| from flower (carnation) |
pH range 3–12, absorptiometric and fluorometric |
(821) |
| from chloroform and diethylamine |
coupled to fluorescein,
CD as reference |
(822) |
| hydrothermal method from
β-resorcylic acid and ethylenediamine |
linear pH range 3.8–6.2 |
(852) |
| nitrogen-
and chloride-doped CD |
from urea in choline chloride–glycerine
deep eutectic solvent |
pH range 5–10, virtually no
effect of ionic strength |
(823) |
| hydrothermal method
from
mushrooms |
pH range 2–13, linear range 4–8, quenched by hemin |
(824) |
| hydrothermal method
from
ascorbic acid |
intensity
decrease 10-fold
(pH 4–8) emission shift from 441 to 550 nm (pH 2–12) |
(853) |
| thermal decomposition of
ascorbic acid in DMSO in microfluidic system |
absorptiometric, fluorometric,
upconversion |
(825) |
| hydrothermal method from p-phenylenediamine |
excitation-independent emission
at 590 nm |
(826) |
| from
glucose and edible
oil |
linear range
pH 3–13 |
(827) |
| hydrothermal
method from citric acid and dicyandiamide or aniline hydrochloride |
high quantum yields 37% |
(854) |
| 63% |
(855) |
| hydrothermal method
from
citric acid and basic fuchsin |
dual emission with different
pH-dependent behavior allowing ratiometric measurement |
(856) |
| hydrothermal method from
citric acid and l-serine or monoethanolamine |
linear range pH 1.5–7.5 |
(857) |
| from
phenylenediamine |
emission
peaking at 620
nm under 470 nm excitation; 15% quantum yield; 3.8 nm i.d.; used to
image pH values in E. coli bacteria, pH 5–10 |
(858) |
| CDs
doped with Eu(III),
Tb(III) and a chelating ligand |
from PEG 400 |
excitation/emission wavelengths
of 272/545 (Tb) and 272/614 nm (Eu); effects are due to pH-induced variations
in energy transfer; applied to visualize pH values in breast adenocarcinoma, pH 3–10 |
(859) |
| nitrogen and
oxygen-rich CD |
from
aspartic acid and urea |
pH range 1–13, sensitive
toward oxidation |
(860) |
| hydrothermal method from o-phenylenediamine PEG, oxalic acid |
dual emission, ratiometric,
linear range pH 2.2–4.0 |
(861) |
| nitrogen-
and boron-doped
CD |
from aminophenylboronic
acid |
dual emission
with different
pH-dependent behavior allowing ratiometric
measurement |
(862) |
| CD Eu(III) doped |
hydrothermal method from
EDTA and (Eu(NO3)3*6H2O) |
ratiometric response to
pH from pH 2–10 |
(863) |
| N- and P-doped CD |
CD treated with diammonium
phosphate |
dual emission
with different
pH-dependent behavior allowing ratiometric measurement, linear range 2–12 |
(864) |
| B- and
P-doped CD |
CD treated
with H3BO3 or phosphoric acid |
boron doping increased QY,
phosphorus doping decreased QY, ratiometric |
(865) |
| CD |
with polyaniline layer |
two linear regions from pH 3.5–5.5 and 6–12 |
(866) |
| nitrogen-rich carbon NPs |
hydrothermal method from
melamine and triethanolamine |
PET quenching, linear range 3–12 |
(867) |
| CD with fluorescein |
from acrylic acid and 1,2-ethanediamine |
FRET-based, ratiometric |
(834, 835) |
| CD with fluorescein and
rhodamine B |
from
citric acid and 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine |
ratiometric pH 6–8 |
(836) |
| CD with
fluorescein |
from
kelp juice |
CD as
reference, linear
range 4.6–7.7 |
(831) |
| GO nanosheets |
|
10-fold fluorescence quenching
on going from pH 2 to 12, show strong cross-talk to ionic strength |
(849) |
| |
pH sensitivity from carboxylic
and phenolic groups |
(98) |
| betaine-modified |
pH range 4–12, quenched by Cu2+ and Fe3+
|
(868) |
| GO NPs |
|
bathochromic shift of emission
in pH range 1 to 14, strong temperature sensitivity |
(869) |
| |
transducer for urea detection |
(870) |
| single-walled
carbon nanotubes |
|
in wavelength range from 1.1–1.4 μm, pH range 4.5–8.5, temperature sensitive |
(850) |
