Table 1.
Studies on the usability of exosomes in gliomas.
| Donor cells | Reference | First author (country) | Year | Recipient cells | Mechanism | Model | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoxic U87MG and U251 | [35] | Qian M (China) | 2019 | M2 macrophages | miR-1246 mediates H-GDE-induced M2 macrophage polarization, activates STAT3 signaling, and inhibits NF-κB signaling by targeting TERF2IP | In vitro and in vivo | Promotes glioma cell growth, invasion, and migration |
| GSC cell line | [29] | Sun Z (China) | 2019 | U251 and U87 glioma cells in vitro, and inoculated into 5-week-old male BALB/c nude mice | Activates Notch1 signaling | In vitro and in vivo | Promotes glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and neurosphere formation; enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of non-GSC glioma cells |
| Human GBM cells | [36] | Cai Q (China) | 2018 | Human glioblastoma cell line T98G cells | Activates STAT3 signaling by targeting CADM1 | In vitro | Promotes glioma cell proliferation and metastasis |
| A172 cells | [37] | Lang HL (China) | 2017 | HBMECs | Upregulates protein synthesis of bFGF, VEGFA, bFGFR, and angiogenin by exosomes loaded with linc-POU3F3 | In vitro | Induces angiogenesis |
| U87MG-GSCs | [38] | Zhang GB (China) | 2017 | U87MG; HBMECs | Mediates miRNA transport and facilitates the proliferation of epithelial and glioma cells | In vitro | Promotes glioma cell proliferation |
| GA-hMSCs | [39] | Figueroa J (USA) | 2017 | GSCs | Exosomal miR-1587 downregulates tumor suppressive nuclear receptor corepressor 1 | In vitro | Enhances GSCs tumorigenicity, and increases GSCs proliferation and clonogenicity |
| GSCs from U251 cells | [40] | Sun X (China) | 2017 | ECs | Stimulates miR-21/VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling | In vitro | Increases the angiogenic potential of ECs |
| Glioma cell lines (A172, U87-MG, U251, and T98G) | [41] | Lang HL (China) | 2017 | ECs | Linc-CCAT2 increases Bcl-2 expression and decreases Bcl2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3 expression | In vitro | Promotes angiogenesis and decreases apoptosis |
| U87 cells | [42] | Yang JK (China) | 2016 | SHG-44 cells | miR-221 inhibits gene DNM3 expression | In vitro | Promotes cell proliferation, migration, and TMZ resistance |
| UPN933 | [43] | Hellwinkel JE (USA) | 2016 | PBMCs | Reduces T cell activity and migration efficiency | In vitro | Suppresses immune responses |
| Murine-derived GL26 Cells | [44] | Liu ZM (China) | 2013 | CD8+ T cells; 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice | Reduces the number and function of CD8+ T cells | In vitro and in vivo | Promotes GBM growth |
| U87 cells | [33] | Kucharzewska P (Sweden) | 2013 | HUVECs, HBMECs, GBM cells; 8-week-old female NOD/SCID mice | Secretes multiple growth factors and cytokines to activate pericyte PI3K/AKT signaling | In vitro and in vivo | Promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth |
| Human GBM cells | [34] | Skog J (USA) | 2008 | HBMECs; U87 cells | Modifies the tumor microenvironment, and promotes migration, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation by providing abundant mRNAs | In vitro | Promotes angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion of glioma cells |
bFGF – basic fibroblast growth factor; bFGFR – basic fibroblast growth factor receptor; ECs – endothelial cells; GA-hMSCs – glioma-associated human mesenchymal stem cells; GBM – glioblastoma multiforme; GSCs – glioma stem cells; HBMECs – human brain microvascular endothelial cells; H-GDE – hypoxic glioma-derived exosomes; HUVECs – human umbilical vein endothelial cells; mRNA – messenger ribonucleic acid; miRNA – microRNA; PBMCs – peripheral blood mononuclear cells; STAT3 – signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TMZ – temozolomide; VEGFA – vascular endothelial growth factor A.