Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19 (n = 38) and Non–COVID-19 (n = 36) ARDS
| Variables | Available Data | COVID-19 ARDS (n = 38) | Non–COVID-19 ARDS (n = 36) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and comorbidities | ||||
| Age | 74 | 63 (50–72) | 58 (44–70) | 0.443 |
| Sex, M | 74 | 32 (84) | 28 (78) | 0.480 |
| BMI, kg/cm2 | 73 | 27.9 (25.6–32.7) | 26.7 (22.6–31.0) | 0.117 |
| Obesity | 74 | 13 (36) | 5 (14) | 0.029 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 74 | 12 (32) | 7 (19) | 0.232 |
| COPD | 74 | 5 (13) | 7 (19) | 0.463 |
| Chronic heart failure | 74 | 6 (16) | 7 (19) | 0.680 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 74 | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 0.141 |
| Sickle cell disease | 74 | 1 (3) | 4 (11) | 0.143 |
| End-stage renal disease | 74 | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.327 |
| Smoker | 74 | 15 (39) | 16 (44) | 0.665 |
| Patients’ characteristics upon ICU admission | ||||
| First symptom to admission*, d | 74 | 6 (3–8) | 3 (0–7) | 0.007 |
| SOFA | 74 | 9 (6–10) | 9 (6–11) | 0.483 |
| SAPS II | 74 | 38 (32–45) | 39 (31–54) | 0.808 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 74 | 25 (66) | 20 (56) | 0.476 |
| Temperature | 72 | 38.0 (38.0–40.0) | 38.6 (37.8–39.6) | 0.634 |
| ARDS severity (Berlin) | 74 | 0.007 | ||
| Mild | 9 (24) | 1 (3) | ||
| Moderate | 18 (47) | 14 (39) | ||
| Severe | 11 (29) | 21 (58) | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mm Hg | 74 | 125 (94–169) | 94 (72–129) | 0.025 |
| PaCO2, mm Hg | 74 | 40 (37–48) | 45 (38–51) | 0.168 |
| pH | 74 | 7.42 (7.32–7.45) | 7.36 (7.27–7.42) | 0.039 |
| Left ventricle ejection fraction, % | 74 | 61 (52–70) | 60 (50–60) | 0.030 |
| Arterial blood lactates, mM | 74 | 1.4 (1.2–1.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 0.695 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 74 | 82 (66–120) | 87 (65–144) | 0.455 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 74 | 36 (22–47) | 45 (24–100) | 0.137 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 74 | 51 (41–85) | 62 (29–145) | 0.552 |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 74 | 9 (7–11) | 14 (8–21) | 0.013 |
| Prothrombin time, % | 74 | 80 (72–87) | 77 (61–87) | 0.222 |
| WBC counts, 103/mm3 | 74 | 7.3 (5.6–9.8) | 12.8 (8.3–19.0) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes, 103/mm3 | 73 | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.035 |
| Monocytes, 103/mm3 | 73 | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 0.008 |
| Neutrophils, 103/mm3 | 73 | 6.4 (4.2–8.6) | 10.5 (7.2–16.2) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio | 73 | 8.8 (5.5–15.2) | 11.1 (8.3–18.7) | 0.167 |
| Neuromuscular blockers | 74 | 24 (63) | 30 (83) | 0.051 |
| Prone position | 74 | 13 (34) | 13 (36) | 0.864 |
| Nitric oxide | 74 | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 0.141 |
| ECMO | 74 | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 0.141 |
| Vasopressor support | 74 | 22 (58) | 25 (69) | 0.302 |
| Microbiological documentation (other than SARS-CoV-2) | 74 | 9 (24) | 24 (67) | 0.0002 |
| Bacteria | ||||
| Gram positive | ||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 1 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0 | 5 | ||
| Group A Streptococcus | 0 | 2 | ||
| Gram negative | ||||
| Enterobacteriaceae | 3 | 7 | ||
| Nonfermenting bacteria | 2 | 1 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0 | 2 | ||
| Intracellular pathogens | ||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 0 | 4 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumonia | 0 | 2 | ||
| Virus (other than SARS-CoV-2) | 2 (5) | 11† (30) | 0.005 | |
| Influenza | 0 | 6‡ | ||
| Rhinovirus | 2 | 1 | ||
| Others | 0 | 4§ |
Definition of abbreviations: ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPS II = Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WBC = white blood cell.
Continuous variables are presented as median (first–third quartiles); P values come from the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables are shown as n (%); P values come from the chi-square or the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Bold results are statistically significant at the P < 0.05 level.
Time lag between the first symptoms of the disease and ICU admission.
Including three patients who had bacterial coinfections (group A Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae).
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 (n = 4) and influenza B (n = 2).
Seasonal coronavirus (n = 1), adenovirus (n = 1), metapneumovirus (n = 1), and respiratory syncytial virus (n = 1).