Table 2.

Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 (n = 38) and Non–COVID-19 (n = 36) ARDS

Variables	COVID-19 ARDS (n = 38)	Non–COVID-19 ARDS (n = 36)	P Value
First symptom to first sample*, d	10 (7–12)	7 (4–11)	0.200
First symptom to second sample†, d	14 (9–15)	11 (9–16)	0.995
Invasive mechanical ventilation	37 (97)	36 (100)	>0.99
ICU admission to intubation‡, d	0 (0–2)	0 (0–2)	0.492
VAP
≥1 VAP episode	29 (76)	15 (42)	0.002
Intubation to first VAP episode§, d	8 (6–10)	9 (5–11)	0.794
≥2 VAP episodes	19 (50)	6 (17)	0.002
Intubation to second VAP episode‖, d	14 (12–17)	21 (11–24)	0.176
Other ICU-acquired infections	6 (15.8)	1 (2.8)	0.108
Catheter-related infection	5 (13.1)	1 (2.8)	—
Urinary tract infection	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	—
Shock dose steroids	13 (36)	12 (33)	0.804
Shock	29 (76)	25 (69)	0.506
Renal replacement therapy	21 (55)	15 (42)	0.242
ECMO	10 (26)	8 (22)	0.682
Organ failure–free days at Day 28, d	0 (0–15)	14 (0–20)	0.003
Day-28 mortality	13 (34)	4 (12)	0.030
ICU mortality	14 (52)	7 (19)	0.007

Definition of abbreviations: ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Continuous variables are presented as median (first–third quartiles); P values come from the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables are shown as n (%); P values come from the chi-square or the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Bold results are statistically significant at the P < 0.05 level.

^*Time lag between the first symptom of the disease and the first sample drawn for flow cytometry analysis/cytokine measurements.

^†Time lag between the first symptom of the disease and the second sample drawn for flow cytometry analysis/cytokine measurements.

^‡Time lag between ICU admission and orotracheal intubation.

^§Time lag between orotracheal intubation and the first episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

^‖Time lag between orotracheal intubation and the second episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia.