Trends in noninvasive ventilation (NIV), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and in-hospital mortality over time. (A) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: NIV P < 0.0001, IMV P = 0.61, in-hospital mortality P = 0.0003. (B) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: no intervention P < 0.0001, NIV only P < 0.0001, IMV only P = 0.0007, and NIV followed by IMV P < 0.0001. (C) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: NIV P < 0.0001, IMV P = 0.02, in-hospital mortality P = 0.09. (D) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: no intervention P < 0.0001, NIV only P < 0.0001, IMV only P = 0.87, and NIV followed by IMV P < 0.0001. (E) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: NIV P < 0.0001, IMV P < 0.0001, in-hospital mortality P = 0.33. (F) Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: no intervention P < 0.0001, NIV only P < 0.0001, IMV only P < 0.0001, and NIV followed by IMV P < 0.0001.