Table 3.
Socio Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women by Hemoglobin Concentration for India
| Maternal Characteristics | Overall1 N (%) | Maternal Hemoglobin g/dL1, N (%) | P-value2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low(< 7.0) | Low(7.0–7.9) | Low(8.0–8.9) | Low(9.0–9.9) | Low normal(10.0–10.9) | Normal(11.0–12.9) | High(≥ 13.0) | |||
| Deliveries, N | 112,734 | 268 (0.2) | 992 (0.9) | 8037 (7.1) | 42,460 (37.7) | 43,530 (38.6) | 16,163 (14.3) | 1284 (1.1) | |
| Maternal age, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| < 20 | 7496 (6.7) | 31 (0.4) | 81 (1.1) | 488 (6.5) | 2470 (33.0) | 2684 (35.8) | 1522 (20.3) | 220 (2.9) | |
| 20–35 | 104,760 (93.0) | 236 (0.2) | 908 (0.9) | 7504 (7.2) | 39,835 (38.0) | 40,651 (38.8) | 14,565 (13.9) | 1061 (1.0) | |
| > 35 | 446 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.7) | 41 (9.2) | 138 (30.9) | 186 (41.7) | 74 (16.6) | 3 (0.7) | |
| Education, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| No formal education | 10,249 (9.1) | 67 (0.7) | 143 (1.4) | 1005 (9.8) | 4165 (40.6) | 3582 (34.9) | 1184 (11.6) | 103 (1.0) | |
| Primary/Secondary | 86,809 (77.1) | 175 (0.2) | 761 (0.9) | 6295 (7.3) | 33,485 (38.6) | 33,306 (38.4) | 11,834 (13.6) | 953 (1.1) | |
| University+ | 15,551 (13.8) | 26 (0.2) | 84 (0.5) | 731 (4.7) | 4766 (30.6) | 6586 (42.4) | 3130 (20.1) | 228 (1.5) | |
| Parity, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| 0 | 49,929 (44.4) | 124 (0.2) | 397 (0.8) | 3090 (6.2) | 17,386 (34.8) | 19,867 (39.8) | 8332 (16.7) | 733 (1.5) | |
| 1–3 | 61,118 (54.3) | 138 (0.2) | 561 (0.9) | 4734 (7.7) | 24,366 (39.9) | 23,133 (37.8) | 7647 (12.5) | 539 (0.9) | |
| ≥ 4 | 1432 (1.3) | 6 (0.4) | 31 (2.2) | 206 (14.4) | 598 (41.8) | 424 (29.6) | 157 (11.0) | 10 (0.7) | |
| BMI, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| < 18.5 | 41,555 (37.0) | 114 (0.3) | 427 (1.0) | 3854 (9.3) | 17,408 (41.9) | 14,622 (35.2) | 4746 (11.4) | 384 (0.9) | |
| 18.5–25 | 64,980 (57.9) | 147 (0.2) | 532 (0.8) | 3932 (6.1) | 23,519 (36.2) | 26,312 (40.5) | 9809 (15.1) | 729 (1.1) | |
| ≥ 25 | 5753 (5.1) | 6 (0.1) | 26 (0.5) | 223 (3.9) | 1358 (23.6) | 2397 (41.7) | 1573 (27.3) | 170 (3.0) | |
| Multiple pregnancy, N (%) | 0.2983 | ||||||||
| Yes | 991 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | 14 (1.4) | 77 (7.8) | 382 (38.5) | 356 (35.9) | 152 (15.3) | 9 (0.9) | |
| No | 111,596 (99.1) | 266 (0.2) | 978 (0.9) | 7943 (7.1) | 42,022 (37.7) | 43,116 (38.6) | 15,998 (14.3) | 1273 (1.1) | |
| Gestational age at enrollment, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| 1st trimester (< 13,0) | 59,855 (53.3) | 133 (0.2) | 494 (0.8) | 4305 (7.2) | 22,355 (37.3) | 21,711 (36.3) | 9771 (16.3) | 1086 (1.8) | |
| 2nd trimester (13,0-23,6) | 38,536 (34.3) | 94 (0.2) | 366 (0.9) | 2794 (7.3) | 15,180 (39.4) | 15,504 (40.2) | 4458 (11.6) | 140 (0.4) | |
| 3rd trimester/after delivery (≥ 24,0) | 13,953 (12.4) | 39 (0.3) | 127 (0.9) | 914 (6.6) | 4795 (34.4) | 6168 (44.2) | 1863 (13.4) | 47 (0.3) | |
| Inter-delivery interval, N (%) | <.0001 | ||||||||
| ≤ 12 months | 903 (2.4) | 4 (0.4) | 15 (1.7) | 76 (8.4) | 347 (38.4) | 330 (36.5) | 122 (13.5) | 9 (1.0) | |
| 12–24 months | 10,799 (28.9) | 20 (0.2) | 109 (1.0) | 893 (8.3) | 4339 (40.2) | 3725 (34.5) | 1563 (14.5) | 150 (1.4) | |
| > 24 months | 25,662 (68.7) | 75 (0.3) | 252 (1.0) | 1857 (7.2) | 9461 (36.9) | 9747 (38.0) | 3938 (15.3) | 332 (1.3) | |
1The overall column displays % of each characteristic, while the hemoglobin columns display % of each hemoglobin category within each maternal characteristic subgroup
2P-values based on a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for row mean differences based on standard mid-rank (modridit) scores stratified by cluster