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. 2020 Nov 30;18:453. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02624-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — HPSE regulates all hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity of HPSE regulates the classic and emerging hallmarks of cancer as well as all enabling characteristics. The key mechanisms of action undertaken by HPSE in facilitating each of the hallmarks and characteristic features are listed. By virtue of its multi-faceted nature, HPSE has emerged as a key regulatory component within the TME