Table 5.

Relative risk of neonatal death (< 28 day) by Global Network region and delivery characteristics for infants born alive and ≥ 2500 g, 2010–2018

	Adjusted RR for Neonatal Mortality for infants ≥ 2500 g (95% CI)a
	Africa		South Asia		Central America
	Zambia/Kenya	DRC	India	Pakistan	Guatemala
Delivery Location
Hospital	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Clinic/Health Center	0.58 (0.38, 0.89)	0.43 (0.29, 0.64)	0.80 (0.71, 0.91)	0.95 (0.81, 1.11)	0.84 (0.51, 1.39)
Home/Other	0.66 (0.40, 1.09)	0.49 (0.32, 0.75)	1.35 (1.04, 1.76)	0.69 (0.61, 0.79)	1.07 (0.93, 1.24)
Delivery Mode
Vaginal delivery	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Assisted vacuum/forceps	4.50 (2.69, 7.53)	9.01 (3.15, 25.75)	4.82 (3.28, 7.07)	1.83 (1.53, 2.20)	2.38 (0.30, 19.11)
C-section	4.32 (3.36, 5.55)	6.98 (4.16, 11.70)	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	1.32 (1.14, 1.52)	1.08 (0.95, 1.22)
Obstructed/prolonged labor/failure to progress	7.04 (5.48, 9.04)	15.49 (11.19, 21.44)	2.89 (2.23, 3.73)	2.71 (2.36, 3.10)	2.40 (2.09, 2.75)
Severe antepartum hemorrhage	4.80 (3.03, 7.61)	16.30 (8.70, 30.54)	4.23 (2.75, 6.52)	3.46 (2.89, 4.15)	1.90 (0.95, 3.79)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage	3.24 (2.41, 4.34)	6.94 (4.07, 11.84)	2.83 (1.78, 4.52)	2.05 (1.79, 2.34)	1.62 (1.14, 2.30)
Severe infectionb	9.88 (6.13, 15.93)	12.07 (7.00, 20.80)	3.28 (1.32, 8.14)	2.99 (2.09, 4.28)	1.72 (0.91, 3.25)
Unplanned hospitalizationb	8.56 (6.30, 11.63)	6.90 (4.24, 11.24)	2.85 (2.22, 3.66)	3.76 (2.00, 7.07)	2.84 (2.35, 3.44)
Abnormal fetal presentation	6.01 (4.69, 7.69)	8.12 (3.47, 19.01)	1.73 (1.30, 2.31)	2.74 (2.32, 3.23)	2.43 (1.72, 3.43)

^aRelative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals from log-binomial models with generalized estimating equations to account for the correlation of outcomes within cluster. Neonatal mortality is modeled for each factor independently, accounting for site and the interaction of factor and site. Presented RR (95% CI) are for the interaction of factor and site to capture site-specific RRs