Table 1.
Country characteristics by coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cumulative mortality during the first pandemic wave (from January 1 to June 30, 2020).
| Country | Covid-19 cumulative mortality (per million population) | Time to reach the peak mortality from t0a (days) | Timing of mass gatherings banb (days) | Timing of school closuresb,c (days) | Hospital beds (per 1000 population) | Aged 15‒64 (% of the population) | Urban areas (% of the population) | Annual air passengers (natural log) | Density (population per km2) | Covid-19 cumulative incidence of cases at t0a (per million population) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries with low Covid-19 cumulative mortality (1st and 2nd quartiles) | ||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 30.5 (7.69 to 52.2) | 26 (19 to 36) | −8 (−13 to −2) | −6.5 (−13 to −4) | 4.50 (3.53 to 6.54) | 65.3 (64.0 to 66.3) | 80 (68 to 86) | 16.2 (15.2 to 17.3) | 45.0 (18.0 to 113) | 87.6 (3.48 to 134) |
| Australia | 4.16 | 37 | +14 | +15 | 3.84 | 65.5 | 86 | 18.1 | 3.00 | 1.16 |
| New Zealand | 4.50 | 17 | −13 | −6 | 2.57 | 65.4 | 87 | 16.7 | 18.0 | 98.0 |
| Slovakia | 5.14 | 16 | −26 | −30 | 5.70 | 68.5 | 54 | 8.98 | 113 | 98.8 |
| South Korea | 5.46 | 36 | +1 | −17 | 12.4 | 72.8 | 81 | 18.3 | 529 | 2.05 |
| Japan | 7.69 | 71 | NA | +18 | 13.0 | 59.7 | 92 | 18.7 | 347 | 0.28 |
| Latvia | 15.6 | 19 | −22 | −22 | 5.49 | 64.0 | 68 | 15.2 | 31.0 | 257 |
| Greece | 17.8 | 22 | −3 | −13 | 4.20 | 63.7 | 79 | 16.5 | 83.0 | 9.42 |
| Lithuania | 27.8 | 26 | −8 | −7 | 6.43 | 65.2 | 68 | 10.2 | 45.0 | 25.3 |
| Iceland | 28.3 | 16 | −4 | −4 | 2.83 | 66.7 | 94 | 15.9 | 4.00 | 1164 |
| Czech Republic | 32.7 | 21 | −13 | −12 | 6.62 | 64.8 | 74 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 110 |
| Israel | 36.0 | 30 | −16 | −8 | 2.98 | 60.0 | 92 | 15.8 | 410 | 80.5 |
| Poland | 37.6 | 47 | −2 | 0 | 6.54 | 67.6 | 60 | 16.0 | 124 | 1.38 |
| Norway | 46.9 | 31 | −1 | 0 | 3.53 | 65.3 | 82 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 142 |
| Estonia | 52.2 | 12 | −1 | −20 | 4.57 | 64.0 | 69 | 10.4 | 30.0 | 307 |
| Slovenia | 53.6 | 24 | −13 | −6 | 4.43 | 65.3 | 55 | 13.9 | 103 | 134 |
| Finland | 59.5 | 32 | −9 | −5 | 3.61 | 62.3 | 85 | 16.4 | 18.0 | 94.8 |
| Hungary | 59.9 | 38 | −4 | −4 | 7.01 | 66.3 | 71 | 17.3 | 108 | 3.48 |
| Colombia | 62.3 | NA | −11 | −7 | 1.71 | 66.1 | 81 | 17.3 | 45.0 | 4.01 |
| Countries with high Covid-19 cumulative incidence of death (3rd and 4th quartiles) | ||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 297 (152 to 522) | 39 (31 to 49) | +1 (−4 to +8) | +1 (−2 to +6) | 2.97 (2.52 to 4.63) | 65.4 (64.0 to 66.7) | 80 (74 to 88) | 17.6 (16.4 to 18.5) | 112 (65.0 to 237) | 9.26 (0.96 to 43.8) |
| Turkey | 62.8 | 34 | NA | −2 | 2.85 | 67.9 | 75 | 18.6 | 107 | 2.40 |
| Austria | 79.5 | 28 | −2 | −2 | 7.27 | 66.8 | 58 | 16.4 | 107 | 41.1 |
| Denmark | 104 | 23 | −9 | −2 | 2.6 | 64.0 | 88 | 15.7 | 138 | 150 |
| Germany | 108 | 41 | +3 | −12 | 8 | 65.0 | 77 | 18.5 | 237 | 13.8 |
| Portugal | 152 | 26 | −5 | −1 | 3.45 | 64.6 | 65 | 16.7 | 112 | 43.8 |
| Luxembourg | 181 | 28 | −4 | +3 | 4.26 | 69.5 | 91 | 14.6 | 250 | 65.8 |
| Switzerland | 197 | 31 | −6 | +8 | 4.63 | 66.6 | 74 | 17.2 | 215 | 23.9 |
| Mexico | 213 | 100 | +5 | −6 | 0.98 | 66.3 | 80 | 18 | 65.0 | 0.96 |
| Canada | 230 | 57 | +1 | +1 | 2.52 | 66.7 | 81 | 18.3 | 4.00 | 2.56 |
| Chile | 297 | 84 | −5 | −5 | 2.06 | 68.7 | 88 | 16.8 | 25.0 | 23.3 |
| Netherlands | 354 | 32 | +4 | +6 | 3.17 | 65.0 | 91 | 17.6 | 511 | 7.54 |
| Ireland | 357 | 44 | +1 | +1 | 2.97 | 65.4 | 63 | 18.9 | 71.0 | 9.26 |
| USA | 386 | 49 | +8 | +6 | 2.87 | 65.4 | 82 | 20.6 | 36.0 | 0.34 |
| France | 444 | 53 | +14 | +30 | 5.91 | 62.1 | 80 | 18.1 | 122 | 0.19 |
| Sweden | 522 | 39 | −4 | NA | 2.14 | 62.4 | 87 | 16.3 | 25.0 | 98.1 |
| Italy | 575 | 39 | +16 | 0 | 3.14 | 64.0 | 70 | 17.1 | 205 | 0.25 |
| Spain | 607 | 46 | +26 | +25 | 2.97 | 65.8 | 80 | 18.2 | 94.0 | 0.09 |
| United Kingdom | 656 | 37 | +9 | +16 | 2.46 | 63.8 | 83 | 18.9 | 275 | 2.48 |
| Belgium | 855 | 32 | +0 | +6 | 5.58 | 64.2 | 98 | 16.4 | 377 | 44.2 |
Abbreviation: NA, not available.
a
t0 is the calendar day of notification of the first Covid-19 death in each country.
b
expressed in days from t0 (negative counts mean that the intervention was enforced earlier).
c
school closures in national outbreak epicentres.