Table 3. Studies reporting biomaterial moduli for a range of formulations and constructs cultured over time.

Studies marked in green and yellow demonstrated that the moduli of cell-laden biomaterial constructs increased or remained constant, respectively, throughout the specified culture duration. Black and coloured arrows indicate changes in the inputs and outputs for the IVD cell delivery biomaterial system, respectively. ↑ and ↓ indicates an increase or decrease, respectively, in the concentration of the specified component in the IVD cell delivery biomaterial system. ↑, ↔ or ↓ indicate that the resultant biological or biomechanical output measured increased, remained the same, or decreased, respectively, as a result of the change in the IVD cell delivery biomaterial system or throughout the specified culture time. G′, G″ and G* values are reported at 1 Hz.

study	Macromer	Crosslinker	Culture duration	Primary biological findings	Culture duration	Primary biomechanical findings
Gupta et al., 2015	Cel [1.5 – 3.5 %]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.05 %]	1 week 6 weeks	1.5 % Cel hydrogel ↑ Acan and Col II gene expression ↑ GAGs and Col II synthesis	6 weeks	↑ Ey: ~2 – 11 kPa (~130 %) of 1.5 % Cel hydrogel ↓ Ey of 3.5 % Cel hydrogel
Lin et al., 2016	Cel [2 – 4 %]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.05 %]	4 weeks	↓ CMC conc. ↑ ECM synthesis	4 weeks	↓ CMC conc. ↑ Ey: ~2 – 11 kPa (~130 %)
Halloran et al., 2008	Col, HA & Acn [5, 0.55 & 1 mg/mL]	Enzymatic (mTGase) [0.05 mg/mL]	1 week	+ HA, Acn and mTGase ↔ Cell viability ↑ sGAG retention	1 weeks	+ mTGase ↑ G′: ~500 – 1250 Pa ↑ Ey (No value, reported as sig. increased)
Hayami et al., 2011	PCL & Cht [40 – 100 & 10 – 60 % vol%]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.1 % w/v]	2 weeks	30 vol % xMGC-9.3KELAST scaffold ↑ Proliferation ↑ Metabolic activity ↑ ECM synthesis	2 weeks	↑ Elastomer concentration ↓ Equilibrium modulus 30 vol% xMGC - 9.3KELAST ↑ Equilibrium modulus: ~100 – 2100 kPa (~500 %)
Hayami et al., 2013	PCL & Cht [25 – 30 % w/v & 6 – 8 %]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.1 % w/v]	1 week 8 weeks	↑ Elastomer conc. ↔ Cell viability 7030TMCCL ↑ DNA, GAG and collagen	8 weeks	↑ Elastomer conc. ↓ Equilibrium modulus 7030TMCCL ↑ Equilibrium modulus: ~600 – 1500 kPa (~10 %)
Hayami et al., 2016	HA, Cht & CS [6 %, 6 % & 20 % w/v]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.1 % w/v]	5 weeks	MGC - MCS & MHA - MCS blends ↑ Total DNA ↑ ECM synthesis	5 weeks	MGC-MCS & MHA-MCS blends ↑ Equilibrium Modulus: ~100 – 275 kPa (~30 %)
Navaro et al., 2015	Tetronic1307 & Fib [Tetronic 1307 : Fib, 1 : 4]	Irradiation (Irgacure 2959) [0.1 % w/v]	2 weeks	1 kPa Matrix ↑ Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation 2 kPa Matrix ↑ Osteogenic differentiation	2 weeks	1 kPa matrix ↑ G′: ~0.2 – 0.6 kPa (~200 %) 2 kPa matrix ↔ G′