Table 4.
Associations of child, maternal, and household influencing variables of stunting in children 0–59 months of age and with mother–child double burden pairsa
| Population indicators | Stuntedb | Mother child double burden (MCDB) in comparison to: | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐stunted child nonoverweight motherc | Stunted child nonoverweight motherd | Nonstunted child overweight mothere | ||
| AOR (95% CI) | RR (95%CI) | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age (months) | ||||
| 0–5 m (reference) | ||||
| 6–11 m | 1.58 (0.47–5.28) | 2.27 (0.64–7.98) | 0.53 (0.11–2.64) | 0.87 (0.28–2.70) |
| 12–17 m | 3.87 (1.14–11.93)** | 3.76 (1.02–14.02)* | 0.63 (0.12–3.18) | 2.58 (0.80–8.33) |
| 18–23 m | 10.67 (3.83–29.69)*** | 13.46 (3.76–48.15)*** | 1.37 (0.30–6.28) | 10.87 (3.53–33.50)*** |
| 24–35 m | 6.25 (2.60–15.04)*** | 34.19 (10.45–111.87)*** | 3.61 (0.83–15.74) | 5.1 (1.87–13.88)** |
| 36–47 m | 3.42 (1.41–8.34)** | 8.19 (2.66–25.27)*** | 2.13 (0.48–9.40) | 3.13 (1.14–8.57) * |
| 48–59 m | 4.75 (1.76–12.81)*** | 13.60 (4.28–43.26)*** | 1.73 (0.41–7.35) | 3.63 (1.33–9.91)* |
| Male child | 1.58 (0.95–2.622) | 1.41 (0.82–2.40) | 1.06 (0.60–1.86) | 1.59 (1.06–2.39)* |
| Child left in inadequate care | 0.94 (0.46–1.93) | 0.39 (0.15–1.02) | 0.53 (0.20–1.41) | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) |
| Diarrhoea | 0.87 (0.47–1.63) | 0.32 (0.14–0.75) | 0.57 (0.23–1.41) | 1.08 (0.52–2.22) |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age at birth (years) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.19 (1.12–1.26)*** | 1.23 (1.15–1.32)*** | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Higher education | 0.56 (0.29–1.09) | 3.23 (1.28–8.33)* | 4.76 (1.32–16.67)* | 0.61 (0.34–1.08) |
| Never married or cohabitating | 1.72 (1.07–2.77)** | 1.30 (0.74–2.28) | 1.45 (0.81–2.61) | 2.32 (1.50–3.54)*** |
| Parity | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 0.71 (0.56–0.90)** | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Maternal height (cm) | ||||
| <150 cm | 6.62 (2.50, 17.51)*** | 4.44 (1.30–15.18)* | 0.60 (0.07–4.92) | 6.73 (2.44–18.56)*** |
| 150–159 cm | 4.55 (1.66–12.50)** | 3.36 (1.03–10.99)* | 0.46 (0.06–3.67) | 3.73 (1.40–9.96)** |
| ≥160 cm (reference) | ||||
| Family characteristics | ||||
| Wealth index quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 3.13 (1.54–6.37)** | 3.31 (0.83–12.26) | 3.04 (0.75–12.30) | 4.37 (1.67–11.49)** |
| Poorer | 2.80 (1.07–7.30)** | 0.92 (0.34–2.51) | 1.02 (0.34–2.30) | 3.96 (1.87–8.41)*** |
| Middle | 2.36 (1.34–4.14)** | 2.56 (0.95–6.94) | 2.16 (0.74–6.31) | 3.04 (1.49–6.19)** |
| Richer | 1.89 (1.13–3.16)* | 0.68 (0.24–1.92) | 1.02 (0.32–3.25) | 2.27 (1.06–4.88)* |
| Richest (reference) | ||||
| Urban area | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 2.87 (0.94–8.72) | 2.87 (0.92–8.94) | 1.60 (0.70–3.64) |
| Open defecation | 1.31 (0.61–2.84) | 3.41 (1.20–9.68)* | 2.53 (0.88–7.25) | 1.37 (0.67–2.81) |
| Number of household members | 1.04 (1.00–1.08)** | 1.19 (1.12–1.11)** | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08)** |
| Handwashing place not in house | 1.02 (0.54–1.91) | 1.13 (0.59–2.17) | 0.45 (0.21–0.95)* | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) |
Note. n = 729.
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; MCDB, mother–child double burden; RR, risk ratios.
Multivariate logistic regression performed with baseline comparison group as children who were not stunted. Multinomial logistic regression performed with MCDB pairs and baseline comparison groups of (a) nonstunted child nonoverweight mother, (b) stunted child non‐overweight mother, and (c) nonstunted child overweight mother. Results are presented as AOR with 95% CI. All estimations are adjusted for two‐stage cluster randomized survey design and nonresponse.
Stunted defined as height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) < −2 SD below median.
Non‐stunted child and a nonoverweight mother pair defined as child having a height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) ≥ −2 SD above median and a mother with a BMI <25.
Stunted child and a nonoverweight mother pair defined as child having a height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) < −2 SD below median and a mother with a BMI <25.
Non‐stunted child and an overweight mother pair defined as child having a height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) ≥ −2 SD above median and a mother with a BMI >25.