Table 1.

Intervention details of the included RCTs.

References	Intervention development information	Yoga sessions: frequency and duration	Yoga sessions: delivery (place and person)	Shithilikarana Vyayama	Surya Namaskar	Asana	Pranayama	Dhyana and relaxation practice	Extra features
Agrawal et al. (43)	NS	60 min/day X 5–7 days/week X 12 weeks	At the hospital, NS	Yes	Yes	Paschimottanasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Uttanapadasana, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana	Yes (NS)	Kayotsarga, Preksha meditation including Anupreksha
Nagarathna et al. (44)	Developed by experts including Yoga, based on the knowledge culled out from Yoga scriptures (Patanjali Yoga Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and Mandukya Karika)	60 min/day X 5 days/week X 12 weeks (and then till 9 months: 1 session (of 120 min)/week and 60 min/day X 7 days/week self-practice at home)	NS, by Yoga instructor	Yes	Yes	Parivrttatrikonasana, Vakrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Ustrasana, Hamsasana, Mayurasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana, Padahastasana, Ardhachakrasana, Trikonasana, Pavanamuktasana, Shavasana	Vibhagiya, Ujjayi, Nadishodhana, Sheetali, Shitkari, Bhramari, Kapalbhati	Nadanusandhana (A Kara, U Kara, M Kara, and AUM chanting)	Self-reporting of Yoga practice at home (types and min/day), pre-recorded Yoga instruction audiotape for participants
Vaishali et al. (45, 46)	NS	45–60 min/day X 6 days/week X 12 weeks	At the hospital, by Yoga instructor			Vajrasana, Suptavajrasana, Tadasana, Padahastasana, Trikonasana, Paravakonasana, Trikonasana, Vakrasana, Pavanamuktasana, Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, Shavasana	Ujjayi, Anulom Vilom		Weekly talks by a motivated participant on perceived benefits and personal experiences of regular Yoga practice, followed by group discussions among participants for enhancing adherence
Yadav (47)	NS	? X 12 weeks	NS, NS			Poornabhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Baddhapadmasana, Kukkutasana, Halasana
Kumar and Kalidasan (48)	NS	50 min/day X 6 days/week X 12 weeks (morning sessions)	At a Yoga center?, by Yoga instructor	Yes		Tadasana, Konasana, Padahastasana, Piraiasana, Yoga Mudrasana (Padmasana, Vajrasana, Sukhasana), Janusirsasana, Vakrasana, Ustrasana, Makarasana, Pavanamuktasana, Uttanapadasana, Naukasana, Bhujangasana, Ardhashalabhasana, Poornashalabhasana, Dhanurasana, Shavasana
Kumpatla et al. (49)	Based on earlier reports	30 min/day X 7 days/week X 12 weeks (one training session in the morning and then self-practice at home)	At the hospital, by Yoga instructor			Vakrasana, Paschimottanasana, Mandukasana, Uttanapadasana, Naukasana, Bhujangasana, Trikonasana			Regular phone calls for encouraging self-practice at home, Yoga booklet for participants
Sharma et al. (50)	NS	45–60 min/day X 5 days/week X 12 weeks (morning sessions on empty stomach)	At the hospital, by Yoga instructor			Trikonasana, Tadasana, Sukhasana, Padmasana, Mandukasana, Paschimottanasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Pavanamuktasana, Bhujangasana, Vajrasana, Dhanurasana, Shavasana	Yes (NS)
Singh et al. (51)	NS	? min/day X 7 days/week X 2 weeks (and then till 6 months: once/month supervision at the delivery center? and self-practice at home)	NS, by Yoga instructor	Yes	Yes	Tadasana, Trikonasana, Vajrasana, Padmasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Paschimottanasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Halasana, Naukasana, Shavasana	Bhastrika, Kapalbhati, Anulom Vilom, Bhramari		Self-reporting of Yoga practice at home (types/day and lapse), requesting family/carer to accompany participant during sessions and to countersign once participant finishes self-practice at home, weekly phone call to participant and family/carer for monitoring adherence and knowing difficulties, Yoga booklet for participants
Keerthi et al. (52)	Formulated in accordance with guidelines of Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, India	45 min X 3 days/week X 12 weeks (and self-practice at home)	At the hospital, by Yoga instructor	Yes	Yes	Padahastasana, Konasana, Vakrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Paschimottanasana, Shalabhasana, Dhanurasana, Pavanamuktasana, Ardhahalasana, Saralmatsyasana, Tadasana, Katichakrasana, Shavasana	Nadishodhana, Bhramari, Chandranadi	Nadanusandhana (A Kara, U Kara, M Kara, and AUM chanting), Yoga Nidra	Attendance documentation of Yoga sessions, regular phone calls for monitoring self-practice at home, Yoga booklet for participants

NS, Not specified; ?, Unclear.