Table 2. Demographic and clinical variables and their association with Chlamydia trachomatis in men.
dL: Deciliter; ED: Emergency department; EMS: Emergency medical services; HPF: High-power field; mg: milligram; NA: Not applicable; OR: Odds ratio; PCP: Primary care physician; SD: Standard deviation; STD: Sexually transmitted disease; STI: Sexually transmitted infection; UTI: Urinary tract infection; vs: versus; WBC: White blood cell; y: year.
Adjusting for age, race, and emergency severity index score. ORs for continuous variables are stated as per unit change in regressor.
| + C trachomatis | − C trachomatis | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted P Value | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 25.2 (6.4) (n = 457) | 31.8 (11.2) (n = 2,673) | < .001 | .91 (.90-.93) | < .001 |
| Black race (vs not Black) | 91.0% (414/455) | 86.4% (2,293/2,655) | .006 | 1.40 (.99-1.99) | .06 |
| Married/life partner (vs not married) | 2.9% (13/454) | 9.6% (255/2,660) | < .001 | .67 (.37-1.22) | .19 |
| Emergency severity index score, mean (SD), level 1-5 | 3.8 (.5) (n = 435) | 3.6 (.6) (n = 2,524) | < .001 | 1.13 (.95-1.35) | .17 |
| Having a (PCP) (vs none) | 16.9% (77/457) | 18.8% (503/2,673) | .33 | .84 (.63-1.11) | .21 |
| Arrived to ED by EMS/police (vs other) | 2.0% (9/455) | 3.8% (100/2,647) | .05 | .56 (.26-1.19) | .13 |
| ED triage pain scale, mean (SD) (0-10) | 2.6 (3.6) (n = 24) | 3.4 (3.8) (n = 234) | .31 | 1.02 (.77-1.35) | .89 |
| Mentioned “STD,” “STI,” “sexually transmitted,” “penis,” or “discharge” at ED point of contact (vs not) | 59.1% (270/457) | 45.2% (1,208/2,673) | < .001 | 1.44 (1.15-1.81) | .002 |
| Mentioned “UTI,” “bladder infection” or “pain,” “urinary tract infection,” “cystitis,” “dysuria,” “frequency” or “frequent urination,” or “urgency” at ED point of contact (vs not) | 3.9% (18/457) | 4.8% (127/2,673) | .55 | .96 (.54-1.70) | .88 |
| Mentioned “abdominal pain,” “abdominal discomfort,” or “abdominal cramping” at ED point of contact (vs not) | 5.0% (23/457) | 5.9% (158/2,673) | .52 | 1.02 (.63-1.65) | .94 |
| Diagnosed in the ED with a urinary tract infection (vs not) | 7.9% (36/457) | 4.3% (114/2,673) | .002 | 2.68 (1.75-4.10) | < .001 |
| Treated with metronidazole in the ED or given it as an outpatient prescription (vs not) | 35.4% (162/457) | 30.2% (808/2,673) | .03 | 1.12 (.90-1.41) | .31 |
| Treated for gonorrhea and chlamydia (vs not) | 81.2% (371/457) | 58.8% (1,573/2,673) | < .001 | 2.67 (2.05-3.47) | < .001 |
| Infected with N gonorrhoeae (vs not) | 25.1% (114/455) | 11.4% (304/2,664) | < .001 | 1.93 (1.49-2.51) | < .001 |
| Infected with T vaginalis (vs not) | 8.0% (9/112) | 8.7% (59/677) | > .99 | 1.09 (.47-2.55) | .84 |
| Urinalysis | |||||
| WBC count (cells/HPF), mean (SD) | 42.1 (35.5) (n = 198) | 29.9 (37.5) (n = 846) | < .001 | 1.01 (.99-1.05) | .33 |
| WBC clumps present (vs not) | 6.6% (13/197) | 9.3% (78/837) | .26 | .65 (.33-1.25) | .19 |
| Mucus (0, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+), mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.3) (n = 198) | 1.2 (1.1) (n = 846) | .19 | 1.00 (.88-1.12) | .95 |
| Leukocyte esterase (0, 1+, 2+, or 3+), mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.0) (n = 246) | 0.6 (1.0) (n = 1,593) | < .001 | 1.56 (1.38-1.77) | < .001 |
| Bacteria (0, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+), mean (SD) | 0.5 (.7) (n = 198) | 0.6 (.9) (n = 845) | .02 | .91 (.74-1.13) | .41 |
| Nitrite positive (vs negative) | 0.4% (1/250) | 2.1% (33/1,606) | .08 | .43 (.06-3.28) | .41 |
| Blood (0, 1+, 2+, or 3+), mean (SD) | 0.3 (.7) (n = 250) | 0.3 (.7) (n = 1,587) | .92 | 1.17 (.96-1.42) | .11 |
| Red blood cells (cells/HPF), mean (SD) | 9.7 (21.8) (n = 198) | 12.1 (24.7) (n = 843) | .18 | 1.00 (.99-1.01) | .63 |
| Squamous epithelial cells (cells/HPF), mean (SD) | 0.8 (3.3) (n = 57) | 1.2 (2.5) (n = 220) | .39 | .98 (.87-1.11) | .74 |
| pH (5-9), mean (SD) | 6.2 (.9) (n = 250) | 6.0 (.9) (n = 1,607) | .004 | 1.10 (.95-1.28) | .20 |
| Bilirubin (0, 1+, 2+, or 3+), mean (SD) | 0.1 (.5) (n = 250) | 0.04 (.3) (n = 1,602) | .06 | 1.51 (1.08-2.11) | .02 |
| Urobilinogen (0, 2, 4, 8, or 12 mg/dL), mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.7) (n = 250) | 0.8 (1.6) (n = 1,606) | .01 | 1.04 (.96-1.13) | .34 |
| Protein (0, .5+, 1+, 2+, 3+), mean (SD) | .4 (.6) (n = 250) | .3 (.6) (n = 1,606) | .18 | 1.23 (.98-1.54) | .07 |
| Glucose present (vs not) | .4% (1/250) | 5.2% (83/1,604) | < .001 | .15 (.02-1.12) | .06 |
| Ketones (0, .5+, 1+, 2+, 3+), mean (SD) | .1 (.4) (n = 250) | .1 (.4) (n = 1,604) | .79 | .97 (.66-1.41) | .86 |