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. 2020 Dec 1;17(12):e1003392. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003392

Table 4. Rates of morbidities in migrants of the Balkan wars compared to other European migrants, across strata of sociodemographic and lifestyle-related characteristics.

Outcome measure Analysis or characteristic IR* (95% CI) for war migrants IR (95% CI) for other European migrants HR (95% CI) p-Value for HR
Overall psychiatric morbidity Univariate analysis
Crude overall HR 989.8 (973.7–1,006.3) 753.2 (738.1–768.6) 1.16 (1.13–1.19) <0.001
Age at immigration
0–19 years 726.24 (703.73–749.48) 16.48 (882.68–951.57) 0.67 (0.53–0.70) <0.001
20–39 years 1,171.83 (1,145.15–1,199.14) 648.69 (629.87–668.08) 1.59 (1.53–1.65) <0.001
40–59 years 1,227.00 (1,181.52–1,274.23) 879.87 (840.27–921.33) 1.30 (1.23–1.39) <0.001
60–79 years 686.98 (630.08–749.01) 670.58 (607.84–739.82) 0.98 (0.86–1.12) 0.811
80 years or older 454.63 (251.77–820.93) 1,260.22 (934.63–1,699.25) 0.39 (0.20–0.75) 0.005
Sex
Male 907.45 (885.87–929.56) 712.89 (692.32–734.07) 1.11 (1.07–1.16) <0.001
Female 1,073.75 (1,050.03–1,098.01) 794.13 (772.25–816.63) 1.21 (1.17–1.25) <0.001
Education
Primary 960.09 (933.89–987.01) 807.85 (781.59–834.99) 1.04 (1.00–1.09) 0.061
Secondary 1,016.42 (992.61–1,040.80) 1,005.72 (971.42–1,041.24) 0.94 (0.90–0.98) 0.002
University 885.36 (847.46–924.95) 524.14 (501.28–548.04) 1.51 (1.42–1.61) <0.001
Missing 1,813.60 (1,656.67–1,985.39) 600.94 (559.85–645.03) 3.02 (2.69–3.39) <0.001
Period of immigration
1991–1994 895.41(877.76–913.42) 775.16 (748.77–802.46) 1.11 (1.07–1.16) <0.001
1995–1998 1,086.38 (1,045.60–1,128.75) 752.74 (724.61–781.97) 1.37 (1.30–1.45) <0.001
1999–2001 1,621.36 (1,552.21–1,693.59) 734.80 (711.03–759.37) 2.21 (2.09–2.33) <0.001
Number of first-degree relatives in Sweden
0 1,010.76 (984.18–1,038.05) 610.54 (592.86–628.76) 1.50 (1.44–1.56) <0.001
1 1,282.23 (1,248.97–1,316.3) 951.89 (917.11–987.99) 1.21 (1.16–1.27) <0.001
2+ 701.64 (678.31–725.76) 954.17 (915.00–995.02) 0.61 (0.58–0.65) <0.001
Multivariable analysis
Adjusted for age N/A N/A 1.17 (1.14–1.20) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and calendar period of immigration N/A N/A 1.28 (1.24–1.31) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, calendar period of immigration, and smoking** N/A N/A 1.19 (1.14–1.23) <0.001
Post-traumatic stress disorder Univariate analysis
Crude overall HR 175.5 (168.9–182.2) 18.6 (16.4–21.1) 7.93 (6.95–9.06) <0.001
Age at immigration
0–19 years 56.95 (51.00–63.61) 18.00 (13.85–23.39) 2.57 (1.92–3.43) <0.001
20–39 years 244.29(232.60–256.58) 20.11 (17.07–23.70) 9.93 (8.35–11.80) <0.001
40–59 years 311.92(290.03–335.48) 17.68 (12.92–24.20) 15.83 (11.45–21.87) <0.001
60–79 years 36.32(25.07–52.60) 8.11 (3.38–19.49) 4.03 (1.55–10.47) 0.004
80 years or older N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sex
Male 180.94 (171.64–190.75) 10.93 (8.67–13.77) 13.28 (10.46–16.84) <0.001
Female 169.93 (160.89–179.48) 26.35 (22.68–30.61) 5.65 (4.81–6.64) <0.001
Education
Primary 133.74 (124.40–143.78) 16.25 (12.94–20.41) 7.13 (5.60–9.08) <0.001
Secondary 190.78 (180.85–201.24) 27.53 (22.49–33.69) 6.07 (4.92–7.49) <0.001
University 169.45 (153.65–186.88) 13.93 (10.65–18.24) 10.10 (7.56–13.49) <0.001
Missing 664.25 (574.65–767.81) 16.85 (11.10–25.60) 40.01 (25.72–62.30) <0.001
Period of immigration
1991–1994 143.21(136.41–150.36) 17.67 (14.13–22.09) 7.58 (6.02–9.55) <0.001
1995–1998 189.81(173.60–207.53) 18.45 (14.54–23.40) 9.50 (7.37–12.25) <0.001
1999–2001 421.90 (388.43–458.27) 19.47 (15.97–23.734) 21.87 (17.64–27.10) <0.001
Number of first-degree relatives in Sweden
0 177.24 (166.57–188.60) 14.44 (11.97–17.43) 10.25 (8.40–12.51) <0.001
1 299.93 (284.52–316.18) 29.37 (23.92–36.07) 8.90 (7.19–11.02) <0.001
2+ 58.03 (51.70–65.14) 17.68 (13.11–23.84) 2.52 (1.82–3.49) <0.001
Multivariable analysis
Adjusted for age N/A N/A 8.15 (7.14–9.30) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and calendar period of immigration N/A N/A 13.05 (11.36–14.98) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, calendar period of immigration, and smoking** N/A N/A 9.33 (7.96–10.94) <0.001
Suicide attempt Univariate analysis
Crude overall HR 54.8 (51.2–58.6) 81.5 (76.7–86.5) 0.62 (0.56–0.68) <0.001
Age at immigration
0–19 years 76.09 (69.14–83.73) 107.20 (96.27–119.37) 0.62 (0.54–0.72) <0.001
20–39 years 50.08 (44.96–55.78) 73.70 (67.64–80.30) 0.65 (0.56–0.74) <0.001
40–59 years 30.51 (24.21–38.43) 81.08 (70.00–93.90) 0.38 (0.29–0.50) <0.001
60–79 years 16.84 (9.78–29.01) 43.86 (30.08–63.96) 0.35 (0.18–0.69) 0.002
80 years or older 40.71 (5.73–289.00) 56.21 (14.06–224.75) 0.63 (0.06–7.14) 0.711
Sex
Male 39.89 (35.66–44.62) 66.84 (60.87–73.39) 0.53 (0.46–0.62) <0.001
Female 69.78 (64.10–75.98) 96.31 (89.03–104.19) 0.68 (0.60–0.76) <0.001
Education
Primary 60.53 (54.37–67.40) 86.16 (78.03–95.14) 0.58 (0.50–0.67) <0.001
Secondary 58.35 (52.99–64.25) 130.71(119.09–143.47) 0.44 (0.38–0.50) <0.001
University 24.76 (19.19–31.96) 38.72 (32.94–45.51) 0.61 (0.45–0.83) 0.002
Missing 104.37 (72.97–149.27) 61.42 (49.33–76.46) 1.71 (1.12–2.60) 0.012
Period of immigration
1991–1994 48.98 (45.07–53.22) 81.99 (73.90–90.97) 0.57 (0.48–0.65) <0.001
1995–1998 66.58 (57.29–77.38) 86.66 (77.64–96.72) 0.74 (0.61–0.89) 0.001
1999–2001 80.81 (67.04–97.41) 77.17 (69.85–85.25) 1.05 (0.85–1.30) 0.649
Number of first-degree relatives in Sweden
0 39.08 (34.25–44.58) 59.67 (54.39–65.45) 0.63 (0.53–0.74) <0.001
1 59.08 (52.50–66.49) 113.27(101.98–125.79) 0.48 (0.41–0.57) <0.001
2+ 68.61 (61.69–76.31) 108.68 (96.31–122.64) 0.56 (0.47–0.66) <0.001
Multivariable analysis
Adjusted for age N/A N/A 0.61 (0.55–0.66) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and calendar period of immigration N/A N/A 0.58 (0.52–0.64) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, calendar period of immigration, and smoking** N/A N/A 0.57 (0.51–0.65) <0.001
Cardiovascular disease Univariate analysis
Crude overall HR 1,276.3 (1,257.9–1,295.1) 873.4 (857.1–890.0) 1.37 (1.34–1.40) <0.001
Age at immigration
0–19 years 341.82 (326.58–357.79) 257.99 (240.57–276.67) 1.31 (1.20–1.42) <0.001
20–39 years 1,013.24 (988.58–1,038.53) 506.09 (489.59–523.15) 1.72 (1.65–1.80) <0.001
40–59 years 3,021.10 (2,945.59–3,098.55) 1,906.94 (1,846.80–1,969.04) 1.44 (1.38–1.50) <0.001
60–79 years 6,776.02 (6,563.03–6,995.93) 5,400.74 (5,193.73–5,615.99) 1.23 (1.17–1.29) <0.001
80 years or older 9,929.82 (8,616.87–11,442.83) 12,258.48 (10,940.68–13,735.02) 0.83 (0.70–1.00) 0.051
Sex
Male 1,232.72 (1,207.23–1,258.76) 864.93 (842.16–888.31) 1.33 (1.28–1.38) <0.001
Female 1,320.38 (1,293.85–1,347.45) 882.01 (858.87–905.77) 1.41 (1.36–1.46) <0.001
Education
Primary 1,650.26 (1,615.03–1,686.26) 993.14 (963.76–1,023.42) 1.65 (1.59–1.71) <0.001
Secondary 1,015.06 (991.23–1,039.47) 992.47 (958.519–1,027.63) 0.93 (0.92–1.01) 0.082
University 1,237.59 (1,192.15–1,284.76) 702.53 (675.85–730.26) 1.60 (1.52–1.69) <0.001
Missing 1,162.28 (1,042.19–1,296.21) 661.16 (617.97–707.36) 1.76 (1.55–2.01) <0.001
Period of immigration
1991–1994 1,185.02 (1,164.45–1,205.96) 980.60 (950.67–1,011.47) 1.22 (1.17–1.26) <0.001
1995–1998 1,714.86 (1,662.60–1,768.76) 868.24 (837.90–899.69) 1.93 (1.85–2.03) <0.001
1999–2001 1,229.30 (1,170.26–1,291.31) 786.70 (762.09–812.12) 1.56 (1.47–1.65) <0.001
Number of first-degree relatives in Sweden
0 1,816.64 (1,780.08–1,853.94) 867.77 (846.53–889.55) 1.98 (1.92–2.05) <0.001
1 1,643.75 (1,605.64–1,682.76) 1,260.26 (1,219.73–1,302.14) 1.19 (1.15–1.24) <0.001
2+ 380.83 (363.82–398.63) 420.32 (394.89–447.39) 0.87 (0.80–0.94) <0.001
Multivariable analysis
Adjusted for age N/A N/A 1.44 (1.41–1.47) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and calendar period of immigration N/A N/A 1.45 (1.41–1.49) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, calendar period of immigration, and smoking** N/A N/A 1.39 (1.34–1.43) <0.001
Cancer Univariate analysis
Crude overall HR 233.5 (225.9–241.3) 187.4 (180.1–195.0) 1.21 (1.15–1.27) <0.001
Age at immigration
0–19 years 23.30 (19.60–27.68) 16.40 (12.47–21.58) 1.30 (0.94–1.81) 0.117
20–39 years 133.02 (124.48–142.15) 80.76 (74.41–87.66) 1.48 (1.33–1.64) <0.001
40–59 years 641.36 (609.43–674.96) 449.84 (422.39–479.07) 1.33 (1.22–1.44) <0.001
60–79 years 1,399.62 (1,316.70–1,487.76) 1,349.22 (1,257.90–1,447.18) 1.04 (0.95–1.14) 0.418
80 years or older 1,420.80 (1,015.20–1,988.45) 1,623.98 (1,243.78–2,120.39) 0.93 (0.60–1.43) 0.733
Sex
Male 219.56 (209.29–230.34) 174.13 (164.30–184.55) 1.21 (1.12–1.31) <0.001
Female 247.56 (236.58–259.05) 200.82 (190.16–212.09) 1.21 (1.12–1.30) <0.001
Education
Primary 310.46 (296.02–325.61) 234.61 (220.88–249.19) 1.35 (1.25–1.46) <0.001
Secondary 171.34 (161.95–181.27) 185.05 (171.11–200.13) 0.89 (0.80–0.98) 0.014
University 241.39 (222.34–262.06) 153.85 (141.83–166.90) 1.45 (1.29–1.63) <0.001
Missing 235.89 (185.99–299.18) 126.84 (108.89–147.74) 1.90 (1.43–2.52) <0.001
Period of immigration
1991–1994 217.40 (208.96–226.18) 214.48 (201.09–228.76) 0.97 (0.90–1.05) 0.449
1995–1998 346.89 (324.67–370.62) 198.96 (185.00–213.97) 1.75 (1.59–1.94) <0.001
1999–2001 155.94 (136.30–178.41) 155.54 (144.99–166.86) 1.01 (0.87–1.18) 0.904
Number of first-degree relatives in Sweden
0 356.36 (341.05–372.37) 192.97 (183.27–203.18) 1.81 (1.69–1.94) <0.001
1 301.98 (286.52–318.27) 279.23 (261.10–298.63) 1.02 (0.93–1.11) 0.676
2+ 31.81 (27.22–37.18) 54.44 (45.90–37.18) 0.56 (0.44–0.71) <0.001
Multivariable analysis
Adjusted for age N/A N/A 1.26 (1.19–1.32) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and calendar period of immigration N/A N/A 1.20 (1.14–1.27) <0.001
Adjusted for age, sex, education, calendar period of immigration, and smoking** N/A N/A 1.16 (1.08–1.24) <0.001

*Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years.

**Country specific prevalence.

HR, hazard ratio; IR, incidence rate.