Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants (N = 16,799).
| Characteristics | Hearing Impairment | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | No (%) | ||
| Sex (Male) | 53.4(1.7) | 49.3(0.4) | 0.0254 |
| Age | 58.9±0.8 | 44.3±0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Marriage (Spouse) | 76.4(1.5) | 80.7(0.7) | 0.0044 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15.3(1.4) | 7.9(0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 46.8(1.9) | 25.6(0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Systemic Obesity | 33.2(1.7) | 32.1(0.5) | 0.5243 |
| Abdominal Obesity | 40.3(1.8) | 32.1(0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Education | 43.6(2.3) | 73.7(0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Income (Low 30%) | 31(1.7) | 14.7(0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Place (Rural) | 29.6(2.8) | 19(1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 23.2(1.7) | 23.9(0.5) | 0.6575 |
| Alcohol | 9.2(1.2) | 10.1(0.3) | 0.4574 |
| Exercise | 16.8(1.4) | 20(0.5) | 0.0342 |
| Noise exposure | 26.6(1.8) | 24.1(0.9) | 0.1245 |
| Tinnitus | 37.9(1.8) | 20.2(0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Dizziness | 15.5(1.4) | 7.5(0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Stress | 25.8(1.6) | 27.8(0.5) | 0.2431 |
| Depression | 17(1.3) | 12.7(0.3) | 0.0002 |
| Suicidal ideation | 20(1.4) | 13.4(0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Falls | 3.1(0.6) | 1.3(0.1) | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as number (%). T-test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test was used for categorical variables.