Table 2.
Critical Success Factor Loadinga
| Survey Items | Factor 1 Teaching Presence | Factor 2 Cognitive Presence | Factor 3 Social Presence | Factor 4 Instructional Support | Factor 5 Basic Online Modality | Factor 6 Online Social Comfort | Factor 7 Interactive Modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Online instructor provides clear instructions on how to participate in course learning activities. | 0.8165 | ||||||
| Online instructor helps keep the course participants on task in a way that helped me to learn. | 0.7801 | ||||||
| Online instructor clearly communicates important due dates/time frames for learning activities. | 0.7651 | ||||||
| Online instructor provides feedback that helped me understand my strengths and weaknesses relative to the course’s goals and objectives. | 0.7611 | ||||||
| Online instructor provides feedback in a timely fashion. | 0.7293 | ||||||
| Online instructor clearly communicates important course goals. | 0.6956 | ||||||
| Online instructor helps to focus discussion on relevant issues in a way that helped me to learn. | 0.6379 | ||||||
| Online instructor encourages course participants to explore new concepts in this course. | 0.6345 | ||||||
| Online course provide opportunities for meaningful reflection on course content | 0.8525 | ||||||
| Online learning activities help me construct explanations/solutions in online courses. | 0.8408 | ||||||
| Course activities stimulate my curiosity in online courses. | 0.7206 | ||||||
| I can apply the knowledge created in online courses to my work or other non-class related activities. | 0.6945 | ||||||
| I can utilize a variety of information sources to explore problems posed in online courses. | 0.6628 | ||||||
| Online discussions are valuable in helping me appreciate different perspectives. | 0.5518 | ||||||
| Posing problems in online courses increases my interest in course issues. | 0.4220 | ||||||
| Getting to know other course participants gives me a sense of belonging in the course. | 0.7551 | ||||||
| I am able to form distinct impressions of other course participants. | 0.6484 | ||||||
| interaction with other students | 0.6390 | 0.3125 | |||||
| a sense of community in the class | 0.5509 | 0.4327 | |||||
| Online or web-based communication is an excellent medium for social interaction. | 0.5026 | 0.3080 | |||||
| including student goals | 0.3950 | ||||||
| sufficient rehearsal of material, skills to be learned, etc. | 0.7241 | ||||||
| instructor providing feedback | 0.6852 | ||||||
| instructor having enthusiasm | 0.6610 | ||||||
| the use of a variety of techniques to communicate and learn | 0.4724 | ||||||
| navigation (e.g., being able to find what you want) | 0.4010 | 0.3227 | |||||
| syllabus (more detailed than in a face-to-face class) | 0.3546 | ||||||
| allowing students to make online submissions | 0.8136 | ||||||
| online gradebook | 0.7464 | ||||||
| online grading of assignments by instructors | 0.7409 | ||||||
| online quizzes | 0.3308 | ||||||
| I felt comfortable participating in the course discussions. | 0.8816 | ||||||
| I felt comfortable disagreeing with other classmates in online courses while still maintaining a sense of trust. | 0.8149 | ||||||
| Online discussions help me to develop a sense of collaboration. | 0.5301 | ||||||
| Zoom or other videoconference methods | 0.9238 | ||||||
| video lectures | 0.7540 | ||||||
| small groups discussions (chat rooms) | 0.4920 |
aSeven factors explain 67% of the variance. Decimal places and loadings less than .30 omitted