Table 1.
Plasma PCO levels in CKD stages 1-5.
| Study year [Ref.] | CKD stages | CKD group (age and sex) | Control group (age and sex) | Analytical methods | PCO in CKD group | PCO in control group | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oberg et al. 2004 [45] | 3 to 5 | (A) 60 patients (age 67 ± 14 years, 38 M and 22 F) | (H) 53 healthy subjects (age 51.4 ± 1.7 years, sex unspecified) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Stages 3-5 0.061 nmol/mg protein (0.020–0.134) (a) | (H) 0.029 nmol/mg protein (0–0.154) (a) | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
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| Puchades Montesa et al. 2009 [46] | 4 | (A) 32 patients (age 65.29 ± 15.6 years, 26 M and 6 F) | (H) 67 healthy subjects (age 48.08 ± 19.11 years, 29 M and 38 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH [139] | (A) Stage 4 7.41 ± 0.84 nmol/mg protein | (H) 3.63 nmol/mg protein (1.12) (b) | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Mitrogianni et al. 2009 [44] | 2 to 4 | (A) 25 patients on stage 2 (age range 35–79 years, 15 M and 10 F) (B) 29 patients on stage 3 (age range 29–77 years, 18 F and 11 F) (C) 27 patients on stage 4 (age range 30–81 years, 14 M and 13 F) |
(H) 20 healthy subjects (age range 29–78 years, 12 M and 8 F) | Western blot analysis after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Stage 2 58.88 ± 3.87 a.u. (B) Stage 3 49.48 ± 2.80 a.u. (C) Stage 4 73.34 ± 6.00 a.u |
(H_A) Healthy subjects 49.26 ± 4.02 a.u. (H_B) Healthy subjects 34.16 ± 3.94 a.u. (H_C) Healthy subjects 40.24 ± 6.34 a.u |
(A) vs. (H_A) No significant variations (B) vs. (H_B) p < 0.05 (C) vs. (H_C) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Matsuyama et al. 2009 [48] | 1 to 5 | (A) 7 patients on stage 1-2 (age 51.3 ± 7.6 years, 5 M and 2 F) (B) 7 patients on stage 3a (age 58.2 ± 12.2 years, 4 M and 3 F) (C) 6 patients on stage 3b (age 71.3 ± 8.2 years, 5 M and 1 F) (D) 12 patients on stages 4-5 (age 63.3 ± 19.4 years, 8 M and 4 F) |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Stages 1-2 0.7 ± 0.1 nmol/mg protein (B) Stage 3a 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg protein (C) Stage 3b 1.0 ± 0.2 nmol/mg protein (D) Stages 4-5 1.1 ± 0.2 nmol/mg protein |
— | (A) vs. (D) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Aveles et al. 2010 [49] | 2 to 5 | 68 patients (age 57 ± 12.6 years, 31 M and 37 F) | — | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [136] | (A) Stage 2 0.8 ± 1.3 nmol/mg albumin (B) Stage 3 1.2 ± 0.9 nmol/mg albumin (C) Stage 4 1.0 ± 0.7 nmol/mg albumin (D) Stage 5 2.2 ± 1.6 nmol/mg albumin |
— | (A) vs. (D) p = 0.003 (A) vs. (C) p = 0.015 (A) vs. (B) p = 0.011 |
|
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| Caimi et al. 2013 [47] | 2 to 5 | (A) 27 patients at stages 2-5 on conservative therapy (CT) (age 58.2 ± 7.6 years, 15 M and 12 F) | (H) 26 healthy subjects (age 43.54 ± 6.92 years, 17 M and 9 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) CT stages 2-5 0.709 ± 0.107 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.440 ± 0.134 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
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| Tbahriti et al. 2013[50] | 1 to 4 | (A) 28 patients on stage 1 (age 37 ± 13 years, 10 M and 18 F) (B) 28 patients on stage 2 (age 55 ± 11 years, 11 M and 17 F) (C) 28 patients on stage 3 (age 45 ± 15 years, 10 M and 18 F) (D) 18 patients on stage 4 (age 46 ± 14 years, 7 M and 11 F) (E) 40 HD patients (age 42 ± 11 years, 22 M and 18 F) (F) 25 PD patients (age 39 ± 15 years) |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Stage 1 0.56 ± 0.15 nmol/mg albumin (B) Stage 2 0.95 ± 0.13 nmol/mg albumin (C) Stage 3 1.04 ± 0.33 nmol/mg albumin (D) Stage 4 1.37 ± 0.36 nmol/mg albumin (E) HD patients 1.85 ± 0.16 nmol/mg albumin (F) PD patients 1.92 ± 0.13 nmol/mg albumin |
— | (A-B-C-D) vs. (E) p < 0.001 (A-B-C-D) vs. (F) p < 0.001 |
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| Drożdż et al. 2016 [51] | 1 to 4 | (A) 11 patients on stages 1-2 (age 10.51 years; 5.04, 16.08) (B) 18 patients on stage 3 (age 11.33 years; 5.15, 16.33) (C) 14 patients on stage 4 (age 12.01 years; 8.70, 15.99) (D) 22 patients on stage 5 (age 11.61 years; 8.51, 15.20) |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Stage 1-2 1.15 nmol/mg protein (0.54, 1.32) (c) (B) Stage 3 1.24 nmol/mg protein (0.87, 1.69) (c) (C) Stage 4 1.64 nmol/mg protein (0.73, 2.41) (c) (D) Stage 5 1.23 nmol/mg protein (0.66, 2.05) (c) |
— | No significant variations |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), in the reported studies, with the exception of (a) medians, with a range in parentheses, (b) median with interquartile range in parentheses, and (c) median with 25th–75th percentile. M: male; F: female; a.u.: arbitrary units; CKD: chronic kidney disease; PCO: protein carbonyls (carbonylated proteins); DNPH: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.