Table 2.
Plasma PCO levels in HD.
| Study year [Ref.] | HD patients (age and sex) and dialysis vintage | Healthy subjects (age and sex) | Analytical methods | Plasma PCO in HD patients | Plasma PCO in healthy subjects | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Himmelfarb at al. 2000 [131] | (A) 10 HD patients (sex and age unspecified) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 10 healthy subjects (sex and age unspecified) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH [32] | (A) 16.95 ± 2.62 μmol/L | (H) 0.76 ± 0.51 μmol/L | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
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| Himmelfarb and McMonagle 2001 [89] | (A) 25 HD patients (mean age 72.6 ± 2.0 years, 13 M and 12 F) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 20 healthy subjects (age 62 ± 4 years, 17 M and 3 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) Western blot analysis after derivatization with DNPH [140] |
(A) 1.22 ± 0.14 a.u. | (H) 0.60 ± 0.08 a.u. | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
|
| ||||||
| Nguyen-Khoa et al. 2001 [132] | (A) 31 HD patients (mean age 64 ± 18 years, 15 M and 16 F) Dialysis vintage 6.0 ± 5.8 years |
(H) 18 healthy subjects (age 45 ± 9 years, 8 M and 10 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) 0.55 ± 0.25 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.37 ± 0.09 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.01 |
|
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| Ward et al. 2003 [80] | 22 HD patients divided into two groups depending on membrane composition (mean age 51 ± 5 years, 8 M and 4 F) Dialysis vintage 49 ± 11 months (A) Polysulfone membrane pre-HD (B) Polysulfone membrane post-HD (C) Cellulose triacetate membrane pre-HD (D) Cellulose triacetate membrane post-HD |
(H) 17 healthy subjects (age range 23-54 years, both M and F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) Pre-HD 0.144 ± 0.037 nmol/mg protein (B) Post-HD 0.175 ± 0.029 nmol/mg protein (C) Pre-HD 0.145 ± 0.030 nmol/mg protein (D) Post-HD 0.178 ± 0.035 nmol/mg protein |
(H) 0.041 ± 0.008 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 (C) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Danielski et al. 2003 [97] | 36 HD patients divided into two groups: (A) 18 hypoalbuminemic patients (age 67.7 ± 13 years, 7 M and 11 F) (B) 18 normoalbuminemic patients (age 67.8 ± 11 years, 7 M and 1 F) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 18 healthy subjects (age matched) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) Western blot analysis after derivatization with DNPH [140] |
(A) Hypoalbuminemic patients 0.09 ± 0.02 nmol/mg protein (B) Normoalbuminemic patients 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein |
(H) 0.02 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 (B) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
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| Pupim et al. 2004 [75] | (A) 50 HD patients (age 57.6 ± 17.2 years, 30 M and 20 F) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 50 healthy subjects (age 49.7 ± 16.3 years, 18 M and 32 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) 0.154 ± 0.014 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.029 ± 0.004 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Massy et al. 2003 [133] | (A) 22 HD patients (age 62 ± 19 years, 12 M and 10 F) Dialysis vintage 6.0 ± 5.8 years |
(H) 12 healthy subjects (age 41 ± 8 years, 5 M and 7 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) 0.54 ± 0.17 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.34 ± 0.09 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Köken et al. 2004 [77] | (A) 70 HD patients (age 49 ± 15 years, 33 M and 37 F) divided into six groups with different dialysis vintage: from 3-12 months (group 1) to 85–120 months (group 6) | (H) 12 healthy subjects (age 50 ± 5 years, 5 M and 7 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) 1.10 ± 0.20 nmol/mg protein The plasma PCO values in the six groups of ESRD patients on HD are shown in Figure 2 (no detailed values reported) |
(H) 0.79 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Anraku et al. 2004 [91] | 22 HD patients (aged 25 to 87 years, 15 M and 7 F) Dialysis vintage 1-9 years (A) HD patients without intravenous iron administration (B) HD patients with intravenous iron administration |
(H) 11 healthy subjects (age and gender matched) | Western blot analysis after derivatization with DNPH [140] Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with fluoresceinamine [39] |
No detailed values reported for WB analysis Spectrophotometric assay (A) 1.0 ± 0.1 nmol/mg protein (B) 2.2 ± 0.4 nmol/mg protein |
(H) 0.40 ± 0.03 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 (B) vs. (A) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Dursun et al. 2005 [81] | 20 HD patients (age and sex unspecified) Dialysis vintage unspecified (A) Pre-HD (B) Post-HD |
(H) 20 healthy subjects (age and sex unspecified) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [142] | (A) Pre-HD 0.889 ± 0.063 nmol/mg protein (B) Post-HD 0.997 ± 0.066 nmol/mg protein |
(H) 0.417 ± 0.036 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Kalogerakis et al. 2005 [134] | (A) 22 HD patients (age 60.8 ± 17 years, 14 M and 8 F) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 23 healthy subjects (age 42.5 ± 11.3 years, 12 M and 11 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH [32] | (A) 0.15 ± 0.028 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.093 ± 0.014 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Mera et al. 2005 [135] | (A) 20 HD patients (age 62.8 ± 12.7 years, 10 men and 10 women) Dialysis vintage 1-9 years |
(H) 10 healthy subjects (67.8 ± 1.8 years, 6 M and 4 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with fluoresceinamine [39] | (A) 3.12 ± 1.11 nmol/mg protein | (H) 2.10 ± 0.34 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.01 |
|
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| Siems et al. 2005 [85] | 107 HD patients divided into four groups with different Hb concentrations (A) Group 1: 13 patients with Hb < 8 g/dL (age 57 ± 12 years, 5 M and 8 F) (B) Group 2: 42 patients with Hb 8-10 g/dL (age 63 ± 14 years, 20 M and 22 F) (C) Group 3: 39 patients with Hb 10-12 g/dL (age 60 ± 15 years, 15 M and 19 F) (D) Group 4: 13 patients with Hb > 12 g/dL (age 61 ± 8 years, 6 M and 7 F) |
(H) 80 healthy subjects (age 61 ± 14 years, 35 M and 45 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH [143] | The plasma PCO values in the four groups of HD patients are shown in Figure 4 of Ref. [85] (nmol/mg protein) (no detailed values reported) | The plasma PCO values in the healthy control subjects are shown in Figure 4 of Ref. [85] (nmol/mg protein) | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 (B) vs. (H) p < 0.01 (C) vs. (H) p < 0.01 (D) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
|
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| Lim et al. 2007 [90] | (A) 31 HD patients (age 57.2 ± 12.5 years, M) Dialysis vintage 4.6 ± 6.1 years |
(H) 22 healthy subjects (age 53.4 ± 17.7 years, M) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) 10.5 ± 1.88 nmol/mg purified albumin | (H) 5.29 ± 1.21 nmol/mg purified albumin | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Pieniazek et al. 2009 [82] | 10 HD patients (mean age 58 ± 11 years, sex unspecified) Dialysis vintage unspecified (A) Pre-HD (B) Post-HD |
(H) 9 healthy subjects (age 46 ± 15 years, sex unspecified) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) Pre-HD 2.27 ± 0.2 μmol/L (B) Post-HD 2.94 ± 0.12 μmol/L |
(H) 0.67 ± 0.07 μmol/L | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.0002 (B) vs. (H) p < 0.0002 |
|
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| Moradi et al. 2009 [124] | (A) 32 HD patients (mean age 51 ± 2.5 years, 22 M and 10 F) Dialysis vintage unspecified |
(H) 13 healthy subjects (age-matched, 9 M and 4 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | The plasma PCO values in HD patients are shown in Figure 1 (no detailed values reported) (A) ~11.00 ± 4.00 nmol/mg protein |
The plasma PCO values in healthy control subjects are shown in Figure 1 (no detailed values reported) (H) ~0.50 ± 1.00 nmol/mg protein |
(A) vs. (H) p < 0.05 |
|
| ||||||
| Koca et al. 2010 [78] | 111 HD patients divided into four groups according to HD duration: (A) Group 1: (n = 31, age 53 ± 14 y, 14 M and 17 F) Dialysis vintage 0-2 years (B) Group 2: (n = 40, age 55 ± 17 y, 19 M and 21 F) Dialysis vintage 3-5 years (C) Group 3: (n = 27, age 56 ± 14 y, 12 M and 15 F) Dialysis vintage 6-8 years (D) Group 4: (n = 13, age 47 ± 9 y, 6 M and 7 F) Dialysis vintage 9-11 years |
(H) 24 healthy subjects (age 48 ± 10 years, 10 M and 14 F) | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | The plasma PCO values in HD patients are shown in Figure 2 (no detailed values reported) (μmol/L) | The plasma PCO values in healthy subjects are shown in Figure 2 (no detailed values reported) (μmol/L) | No significant variations |
|
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| Terawaki et al. 2010 [86] | 83 anuric HD patients divided into with or without CVD: (A) Patients with CVD pre-HD (B) Patients with CVD post-HD (n = 66), age 63.5 ± 12.5 years, 32 M and 34 F Dialysis vintage 85.0 ± 64.6 months (C) Patients without CVD pre-HD (D) Patients without CVD post-HD (n = 20), age 74.3 ± 12.8 years, 11 M and 9 F Dialysis vintage 58.3 ± 33.3 months |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | Patients with CVD (A) Pre-HD 0.81 ± 0.16 nmol/mg protein (B) Post-HD 0.53 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein patients without CVD (C) Pre-HD 0.82 ± 0.17 nmol/mg protein (D) Post-HD 0.58 ± 0.16 nmol/mg protein |
— | No significant variations |
|
| ||||||
| Pavone et al. 2011 [37] | 14 HD patients (age 72 ± 10 years, 7 M and 7 F) Dialysis vintage 50 ± 25 months (A) Pre-HD (B) Post-HD |
— | Western blot analysis after derivatization with DNPH Carbonylated protein identification was carried out by MALDI-TOF/MS mass fingerprinting |
The plasma PCO values before and after HD are shown in Figure 2 (no detailed values reported) (A) ~5900 ± 1200 a.u. (B) ~7100 ± 2000 a.u. |
— | |
|
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| Albarello et al. 2012 [83] | 23 HD patients (9 men and 14 women, mean age 50.8 ± 17.3 years) Dialysis vintage unspecified (A) Pre-HD (B) Post-HD |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) Pre-HD 0.62 ± 0.14 nmol/mg protein (B) Post-HD 0.86 ± 0.16 nmol/mg protein |
— | (A) vs. (B) p < 0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Almeida et al. 2013 [137] | (A) 35 HD patients (18 years old or older, 16 M and 19 F) Dialysis 26.0 (35.0-13.0) month (a) |
(H) 35 healthy subjects paired to age and gender | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) 1.9 (2.6-1.3) nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.9 (1.5-0.7) nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Caimi et al. 2013 [47] | (A) 31 HD patients (61.5 ± 12.8 years, 16 men and 15 women) Dialysis vintage 48.5 ± 35.7 months |
(H) 26 healthy subjects (age 43.54 ± 6.92 years, 17 M and 9 F) | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) 1.230 ± 0.192 nmol/mg protein | (H) 0.440 ± 0.134 nmol/mg protein | (A) vs. (H) p < 0.001 |
|
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| Murillo-Ortiz et al. 2016 [65] | (A) 35 HD patients with ferritin levels < 500 ng/mL (age 45.4 ± 16.6 years, 17 M and 18 F) Dialysis vintage 40.87 ± 41.65 months (A) 35 HD patients with ferritin levels > 500 ng/mL (age 46.5 ± 16.9 years, 17 M and 18 F) Dialysis vintage 20.17 ± 29.00 months |
— | Spectrophotometric assay after derivatization with DNPH [141] | (A) HD patients with ferritin < 500 ng/mL 22.5 ± 5.4 ng/μL (B) HD patients with ferritin > 500 ng/mL 27.2 ± 5.2 ng/μL |
— | (A) vs. (B) p < 0.0004 |
|
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| Colombo et al. 2018 [41] | 69 HD patients (mean 69 ± 1.5 years, 42 M and 24 F) Dialysis vintage 5.8 ± 0.46 years (A) M pre-HD (B) M post-HD (C) F pre-HD (D) F post-HD |
— | ELISA after derivatization with DNPH (commercial kit) | (A) M pre-HD 0.118 ± 0.016 nmol/mg protein (B) M post-HD 0.118 ± 0.013 nmol/mg protein (C) F pre-HD 0.1348 ± 0.0267 nmol/mg protein (D) F post-HD 0.1604 ± 0.0313 nmol/mg protein |
— | (C) vs. (D) p < 0.01 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), in the reported studies. Dialysis vintage (length of time on dialysis) is presented as months or years. M: male; F: female; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; HD: haemodialysis (haemodialysed); PCO: protein carbonyls (carbonylated proteins); DNPH: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; a.u.: arbitrary units.