Table 2. Comparing characteristics, morbidity and mortality between CHD and no CHD groups.
| Characteristic | CHD (n=79) | No CHD (n=158) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | 31.1±3.2 | 31.0±3.1 | 0.859* | |
| Birth weight (g) | 1,126.2±268.3 | 1,121.7±267.2 | 0.904* | |
| SGA (<10th percentile) | 40 (50.6) | 85 (46.2) | 0.520† | |
| Severe SGA (<3rd percentile) | 30 (38.0) | 58 (36.7) | 0.849† | |
| Height (cm) | 37.1±3.5 | 36.7±3.6 | 0.463* | |
| Head circumference (cm) | 26.8±2.6 | 26.7±3.4 | 0.770* | |
| Male | 41 (51.9) | 77 (48.7) | 0.646† | |
| Cesarean delivery | 64 (81.0) | 131 (82.9) | 0.718† | |
| Multiple pregnancy | 19/49 (38.8) | 72/158 (45.6) | 0.403† | |
| Inborn | 73 (92.4) | 151 (95.6) | 0.367‡ | |
| Maternal age (years) | 32.5±4.0 | 32.3±4.0 | 0.934* | |
| Chorioamnionitis | 14/73 (19.2) | 35/152 (23.0) | 0.513† | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 14/77 (18.2) | 39/158 (24.7) | 0.263† | |
| Antenatal steroid | 56 (70.9) | 111 (70.3) | 0.920† | |
| 1-min Apgar score | 5 (3–6) | 6 (5–6) | <0.001* | |
| 5-min Apgar score | 7 (5.5–8) | 8 (7–8) | 0.001* | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 37 (46.8) | 59 (37.3) | 0.160† | |
| Pharmacological PDA treatment | 15/73 (20.5) | 45/158 (28.5) | 0.201† | |
| Surgical ligation of PDA | 5/73 (6.8) | 10/158 (6.3) | 1.0† | |
| Moderate to severe BPD | 30/68 (44/1) | 19/152 (12.5) | <0.001† | |
| Severe BPD | 19/68 (27.9) | 4/152 (2.6) | <0.001† | |
| Invasive MV (days) | 23.2±43.1 | 5.3±12.0 | <0.001* | |
| Total MV (days) | 30.5±45.3 | 13.8±20.1 | <0.001* | |
| Oxygen use period (days) | 41.3±50.9 | 23.4±28.9 | 0.001* | |
| NEC stage ≥2 | 8/72 (11.1) | 4/156 (2.6) | 0.020‡ | |
| First enteral feeding (days) | 6.3±8.7 | 3.8±4.2 | 0.004* | |
| 100 mL/kg/day reaching period (days) | 34.0±25.2 | 22.1±15.0 | <0.001* | |
| IVH grade ≥3 | 0/75 (0.0) | 5/157 (3.2) | 0.178‡ | |
| ROP stage ≥2 | 4/69 (5.8) | 9/152 (5.9) | 1.0‡ | |
| ROP stage ≥3 | 3/69 (4.3) | 8/152 (5.3) | 1.0‡ | |
| ROP laser treatment | 4/69 (5.8) | 7/152 (4.6) | 0.743‡ | |
| Late-onset sepsis | 13/76 (17.1) | 30/157 (19.1) | 0.712† | |
| Hospitalization period (days) | 66.7±46.9 | 50.4±24.5 | 0.001* | |
| Mortality | 17/79 (21.5) | 6/158 (3.8) | <0.001† | |
| Acyanotic CHD | 7/58 (12.1) | 6/158 (3.8) | 0.046† | |
| Cyanotic CHD | 10/21 (47.6) | 6/158 (3.8) | <0.001† | |
| Death due to prematurity-related | 5/79 (6.3) | 6/158 (3.8) | 0.513‡ | |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), and categorical variables as number (%).
BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CHD = congenital heart disease; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; MV = mechanical ventilator; NEC = necrotizing enterocolitis; PDA = patent ductus arteriosus; ROP = retinopathy of prematurity; SGA = small for gestational age.
*By a t-test; †By χ2 test; ‡By Fisher's exact test.