Table 2.
The descriptives statistics of MFA and PPD, and the comparisons between the pregnant smokers and the non-smokers
| Between-groups difference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3086 | N = 612 | |||||||
| n | Mean (SD) | Median (range) | n | Mean (SD) | Median (range) | pa | r | |
| 24 gwks | ||||||||
| MFAS | 2331 | 86.9 (10.6) | 87 (51-116) | 409 | 88.0 (10.0) | 88 (44-113) | 0.074 | 0.03 |
| Role taking | 2336 | 16.7 (2.8) | 17 (6-20) | 410 | 16.8 (2.7) | 17 (7-20) | 0.703 | 0.01 |
| Differentiation | 2340 | 15.4 (2.5) | 15 (6-20) | 410 | 15.7 (2.4) | 16 (7-20) | 0.032* | 0.04 |
| Interacting | 2338 | 16.6 (3.1) | 17 (5-25) | 410 | 17.1 (3.0) | 17 (8-24) | 0.004** | 0.05 |
| Attributing | 2335 | 18.5 (3.4) | 19 (6-30) | 409 | 19.0 (3.2) | 19 (11-29) | 0.006** | 0.05 |
| Giving | 2338 | 19.7 (2.5) | 20 (9-25) | 410 | 19.5 (2.5) | 20 (8-25) | 0.091 | 0.03 |
| EPDS | 2317 | 4.8 (4.1) | 4 (0-25) | 408 | 6.0 (4.3) | 5 (0-23) | <0.001** | 0.11 |
| SCL-90 Anxiety | 2314 | 3.8 (4.2) | 3 (0-30) | 408 | 4.7 (4.6) | 4 (0-24) | <0.001** | 0.08 |
| 34 gwks | ||||||||
| MFAS | 2188 | 92.0 (10.2) | 93 (52-116) | 373 | 93.1 (10.2) | 93 (55-117) | 0.137 | 0.03 |
| Role taking | 2202 | 17.1 (2.6) | 18 (7-20) | 374 | 17.1 (2.5) | 18 (8-20) | 0.886 | 0.00 |
| Differentiation | 2204 | 15.9 (2.4) | 16 (8-20) | 374 | 16.2 (2.2) | 16 (10-20) | 0.111 | 0.03 |
| Interacting | 2202 | 18.1 (3.1) | 18 (5-25) | 374 | 18.5 (2.8) | 19 (10-25) | 0.037* | 0.04 |
| Attributing | 2198 | 21.1 (3.4) | 22 (9-30) | 373 | 21.8 (3.4) | 22 (12-30) | 0.001** | 0.07 |
| Giving | 2198 | 19.8 (2.4) | 20 (10-25) | 374 | 19.6 (2.5) | 20 (10-25) | 0.171 | 0.03 |
| EPDS | 2191 | 4.7 (4.0) | 4 (0-26) | 373 | 5.9 (4.5) | 5 (0-23) | <0.001** | 0.10 |
| SCL-90 Anxiety | 2186 | 3.1 (3.8) | 2 (0-27) | 374 | 3.8 (4.6) | 3 (0-33) | 0.012* | 0.05 |
| n/N | % | n/N | % | χ2 p | Cramer’s ϕ | |||
| 24 gwks EPDS≥10 | 299/2317 | 12.9% | 73/408 | 17.9% | 0.007** | 0.05 | ||
| 34 gwks EPDS≥10 | 287/2191 | 13.1% | 84/373 | 22.5% | <0.001** | 0.09 | ||
The estimates are based on the original data, not the imputed dataset
Attrition in the MFAS questionnaire responses was higher among the smoking women in comparison with the non-smokers (24 gwks: 33.2% vs. 24.5%, χ2 = 20.2, p < 0.001; 34 gwks: 39.1% vs. 29.1%, χ2 = 23.8, p < 0.001, respectively)
MFAS Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale and the subscales of Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale: Role taking, Differentiation Differentiation of self from fetus, Interacting Interacting with the fetus, Attributing Attributing characteristics to the fetus and Giving Giving of self, EPDS Edinburgh (Pre) Postnatal Depression Scale, SCL-90 Anxiety Symptom Checklist -90, the Anxiety Subscale
* p-value <.05, **p-value <.01
a Mann-Whitney U test